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Journal ArticleDOI

Dyslipidaemia in overweight children and adolescents is associated with an increased risk of kidney stones.

01 Sep 2015-Acta Paediatrica (Acta Paediatr)-Vol. 104, Iss: 9
TL;DR: This Polish study explored the influence of nutritional status and lipid disturbances on urinary lithogenic factors and the risk of kidney stone formation in children and adolescents from three to 18 years of age.
Abstract: Aim There is conflicting evidence about the role of obesity in paediatric nephrolithiasis. This Polish study explored the influence of nutritional status and lipid disturbances on urinary lithogenic factors and the risk of kidney stone formation in children and adolescents from three to 18 years of age. Methods We carried out serum lipid profile evaluations and 24-h urine chemistry analyses on 493 overweight/obese paediatric participants (mean age 13 years) without nephrolithiasis and 492 healthy normal weight sex and age-matched controls. Results A third (33%) of the study group had blood lipid disturbances, with more acidic urine, lower urinary citrate excretion and a higher fraction of ionised calcium and higher Bonn Risk Index than the controls. The participants' body mass index standard deviation score (BMI Z-score) was positively correlated with urinary oxalate and uric acid and negatively correlated with citrate excretion. Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides correlated negatively with citraturia, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol correlated positively. Conclusion The main factor that predisposed overweight and obese children to kidney stones was hypocitraturia. Urinary citrate excretion was related to both BMI Z-scores and all lipid fraction abnormalities. However, hypercholesterolaemia and particularly low-density lipoprotein hypercholesterolaemia seemed to play a major role.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A mouse model for renal urolithiasis is established and it is found that polyunsaturated fatty acids mediated inflammatory responses and that the oxidative stress induced by oleylethanolamine and glycerophosphoethanolamine plasmalogens is closely related to the development of kidney stones.

13 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 2016
TL;DR: Evaluation of patients, particularly young children, includes metabolic assessment, andStone analysis and 24-urine collection analysis are very helpful for determining underlying diseases, and pediatric nephrolithiasis has an increasing rate worldwide.
Abstract: Context: Pediatric nephrolithiasis is a noticeable cause of morbidity among children. Although, nephrolithiasis is a common disease in adults, its incidence has had a rising trend in children. Objectives: Here in, we reviewed the current state regarding evaluation and management of children with nephrolithiasis in the last decade. Data Sources: The current literature regarding incidence and trend, along with diagnostic evaluation and management of children aged less than 18 years old with nephrolithiasis was searched on MEDLINE and Google scholar from January 2005 to March 2016. Study Selection and Data Extraction: The search terms included, “kidney stone OR nephrolithiasis OR urolithiasis and Pediatric OR children”. English language and human studies were included. Expert opinions, editorials and case reports were excluded. Consequently, the authors independently reviewed the abstracts and the papers, which matched the inclusion criteria. Results: From a total of 1050 studies identified through the database search, 71 articles were selected for the review. According to the results of this review, pediatric nephrolithiasis has an increasing rate worldwide. Recent studies in this regard indicated that the number of girls with nephrolithiasis has increased. The change of life style, diet, obesity and metabolic syndrome and popular imaging study along with referral of the patients to pediatric centers could be contributed to this trend. Conclusions: Evaluation of patients, particularly young children, includes metabolic assessment. Stone analysis and 24-urine collection analysis are very helpful for determining underlying diseases. Medical as well as surgical approaches are used to prevent kidney injuries.

11 citations


Cites result from "Dyslipidaemia in overweight childre..."

  • ...The possible relationship between nephrolithiasis, obesity, and metabolic syndrome was demonstrated in previous reports but it is not conclusive (16, 17)....

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  • ...Previous reports demonstrated that nephrolithiasis was usually more common in boys than in girls, but recent studies have shown a noticeable rising incidence of nephrolithiasis in girls and some studies even substantiated that nephrolithiasis are more common among girls (4, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is proposed to consider idiopathic nephrolithiasis and osteoporosis as two possible expressions of a unique clinical syndrome and the clinical approach to both disorders should be modified in order to program an efficient primary and secondary prevention strategy.
Abstract: Idiopathic osteoporosis and nephrolithiasis are formidable health problems showing a progressive increase in their incidence and prevalence in the last decades. These temporal trends were observed in both pediatric and adult populations worldwide. Epidemiological and experimental studies indicate that both disorders show several common pathogenic environmental and genetic factors. In this review, we analyzed the clinical characteristics common to the two disorders and the state-of-the-art knowledge regarding the genetic predisposition and the environmental factors recognized as triggers in adult and pediatric ages. As a result of this work, we propose to consider idiopathic nephrolithiasis and osteoporosis as two possible expressions of a unique clinical syndrome. Accordingly, the clinical approach to both disorders should be modified in order to program an efficient primary and secondary prevention strategy.

10 citations


Cites background from "Dyslipidaemia in overweight childre..."

  • ...Interestingly, in this group of patients, body mass index standard deviation score (BMI Z-score), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides correlated negatively with citraturia, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol correlated positively [45]....

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  • ...Hypocitraturia is a risk factor for nephrolithiasis also in children and adolescents: in a group of 493 Polish overweight/obese pediatric patients, the main factor predisposing patients to kidney stones was hypocitraturia [45]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is illustrated that kidney stones are an underestimated complication of pediatric CD, especially when compared with the prevalence of nephrolithiasis in the general pediatric population.

9 citations


Cites background from "Dyslipidaemia in overweight childre..."

  • ...Furthermore, abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and high cholesterol levels are known to increase the likelihood of nephrolithiasis in children and adolescents.(26) In a previous study, we showed that pediatric patients with CD are at elevated risk for metabolic syndrome,(5) and all of the patients in our cohort had at least 1, if not more, of these syndromes....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The EEOS can inhibit the stones formation by improving oxidative stress and inflammation mediated by glycerophospholipid metabolism, providing a new direction for further study of the efficacy of OS.
Abstract: Background Nephrolithiasis is a systemic metabolic disease with a high prevalence worldwide and is closely related to lipid-mediated oxidative stress and inflammation. Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. (OS) is a traditional medicinal herb mainly containing flavonoids, caffeic acid derivatives, and terpenoids, which has the effect of treating urinary stones. However, the active ingredients of OS for the treatment of kidney stones and their regulatory mechanisms remain unknown. As a powerful antioxidant, flavonoids from herbs can mitigate calcium oxalate stone formation by scavenging radical. Thus, this work focused on EtOAc extract of OS (EEOS, mainly flavonoids) and aimed to reveal the potential intrinsic mechanism of EEOS in the treatment of kidney stones disease. Methods Firstly, 75% ethanol extract of OS was further extracted with EtOAc to obtain EtOAc extract containing 88.82% flavonoids. Secondly, the extract was subjected to component analysis and used in animal experiments. Then, an untargeted lipidomics based on ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with TripleTOF 5600 mass spectrometer (UPLC-QTOF-MS) was performed to test the lipid changes of kidneys in the control group, model group and EEOS treatment groups. Finally, multivariate statistical analysis was used to identify differences between the lipid profiles of mice in the model group and the EEOS group. Results Fifty-one lipid metabolites were significantly different between the mice in the model group and the EEOS intervention group, including glycerophosphocholines, glycerophosphoethanolamines, glycerophosphoinositols, and glycerophosphoglycerols. And the composition of glycerophospholipids-esterified ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and glycerophospholipid subclasses in the kidneys of the EEOS group significantly changed compared to model group. Conclusions The EEOS can inhibit the stones formation by improving oxidative stress and inflammation mediated by glycerophospholipid metabolism. This study reveals the potential mechanism of EEOS for kidney stones treatment at the lipid molecule level, providing a new direction for further study of the efficacy of OS.

9 citations


Cites background from "Dyslipidaemia in overweight childre..."

  • ...Epidemiological studies have shown that the stone risk incidence increases in people with dyslipidemias (Armando Luis et al., 2008; Ho Won et al., 2014; Kirejczyk et al., 2015)....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
28 May 2008-JAMA
TL;DR: The prevalence of high BMI for age among children and adolescents showed no significant changes between 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 and no significant trends between 1999 and 2006.
Abstract: This study aims to estimate the prevalence of 3 measures of high body mass index (BMI) for age and to examine recent trends for US children and adolescents using national data with measured heights and weights. Height and weight measurements were obtained from 8165 children and adolescents as part of the 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), nationally representative surveys of the US civilian, noninstitutionalized population. The main outcome measures were the prevalence of BMI for age at or above the 97th percentile, at or above the 95th percentile, and at or above the 85th percentile of the 2000 sex-specific Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) BMI-for-age growth charts among US children by age, sex, and racial/ethnic group. As no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of high BMI for age were found between estimates for 2003-2004 and 2005-2006, data for the 4 years were combined to provide more stable estimates for the most recent time period. Overall, in 2003-2006, 11.3% of children and adolescents aged 2-19 years were at or above the 97th percentile of the 2000 BMI-for-age growth charts, 16.3% were at or above the 95th percentile, and 31.9% were at or above the 85th percentile. Prevalence estimates varied by age and by racial/ethnic group. Analyses of the trends in high BMI for age showed no statistically significant trend over the 4 time periods (1999-2000, 2001-2002, 2003-2004, and 2005-2006) for either boys or girls.

1,848 citations


"Dyslipidaemia in overweight childre..." refers background in this paper

  • ...3% are obese (4), while in the Cracow region of Poland, 16–28% of children and adolescents are overweight and 3....

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Journal ArticleDOI
26 Jan 2005-JAMA
TL;DR: Obesity and weight gain increase the risk of kidney stone formation, and the magnitude of the increased risk may be greater in women than in men.
Abstract: ContextLarger body size may result in increased urinary excretion of calcium, oxalate, and uric acid, thereby increasing the risk for calcium-containing kidney stones. It is unclear if obesity increases the risk of stone formation, and it is not known if weight gain influences risk.ObjectiveTo determine if weight, weight gain, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference are associated with kidney stone formation.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA prospective study of 3 large cohorts: the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (N = 45 988 men; age range at baseline, 40-75 years), the Nurses’ Health Study I (N = 93 758 older women; age range at baseline, 34-59 years), and the Nurses’ Health Study II (N = 101 877 younger women; age range at baseline, 27-44 years).Main Outcome MeasuresIncidence of symptomatic kidney stones.ResultsWe documented 4827 incident kidney stones over a combined 46 years of follow-up. After adjusting for age, dietary factors, fluid intake, and thiazide use, the relative risk (RR) for stone formation in men weighing more than 220 lb (100.0 kg) vs men less than 150 lb (68.2 kg) was 1.44 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-1.86; P = .002 for trend). In older and younger women, RRs for these weight categories were 1.89 (95% CI, 1.52-2.36; P<.001 for trend) and 1.92 (95% CI, 1.59-2.31; P<.001 for trend), respectively. The RR in men who gained more than 35 lb (15.9 kg) since age 21 years vs men whose weight did not change was 1.39 (95% CI, 1.14-1.70; P = .001 for trend). Corresponding RRs for the same categories of weight gain since age 18 years in older and younger women were 1.70 (95% CI, 1.40-2.05; P<.001 for trend) and 1.82 (95% CI, 1.50-2.21; P<.001 for trend). Body mass index was associated with the risk of kidney stone formation: the RR for men with a BMI of 30 or greater vs those with a BMI of 21 to 22.9 was 1.33 (95% CI, 1.08-1.63; P<.001 for trend). Corresponding RRs for the same categories of BMI in older and younger women were 1.90 (95% CI, 1.61-2.25; P<.001 for trend) and 2.09 (95% CI, 1.77-2.48; P<.001 for trend). Waist circumference was also positively associated with risk in men (P = .002 for trend) and in older and younger women (P<.001 for trend for both).ConclusionsObesity and weight gain increase the risk of kidney stone formation. The magnitude of the increased risk may be greater in women than in men.

977 citations


"Dyslipidaemia in overweight childre..." refers background in this paper

  • ...obese participants compared to the overall population (7)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: As the programme grows, these actions will pose new problems for the sus tainability of large-scale CHW programmes, and might again lay bare the tensions between the diff erent expec tations and descriptions of the CHW.

907 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents is increasing, in parallel with the increasing trends in obesity rates, and variations in definitions of this syndrome have hindered the development of a consensus for the diagnostic criteria in the pediatric population.
Abstract: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents is increasing, in parallel with the increasing trends in obesity rates. Varying definitions of this syndrome have hindered the development of a consensus for the diagnostic criteria in the pediatric population. While pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome is not completely understood, insulin resistance and subsequent inflammation are thought to be among its main mechanistic underpinnings. Overweight and obesity are cardinal features, along with abnormal glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Other disorders associated with metabolic syndrome include fatty liver, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and pro-inflammatory states. Prevention and management of this condition can be accomplished with lifestyle modifications, behavioral interventions, pharmacological and surgical interventions as needed.

325 citations


"Dyslipidaemia in overweight childre..." refers background in this paper

  • ...These factors in the adolescent population include abdominal obesity, highdensity lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol of less than 40 mg/ dL, triglycerides of more than 150 mg/dL, blood pressure above the 90th centile for age and reduced glucose tolerance (18)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Positive associations between BMI and urinary calcium excretion likely are due to differences in animal protein and sodium intake and may be due to an increase in uric acid nephrolithiasis.

281 citations