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Proceedings ArticleDOI

E-MiLi: energy-minimizing idle listening in wireless networks

19 Sep 2011-pp 205-216
TL;DR: E-MiLi employs an opportunistic downclocking mechanism to optimize the efficiency of switching clock rate, based on a simple interface to existing MAC-layer scheduling protocols, and can detect packets with close to 100 percent accuracy on the USRP software radio platform.
Abstract: WiFi interface is known to be a primary energy consumer in mobile devices, and idle listening (IL) is the dominant source of energy consumption in WiFi. Most existing protocols, such as the 802.11 power-saving mode (PSM), attempt to reduce the time spent in IL by sleep scheduling. However, through an extensive analysis of real-world traffic, we found more than 60% of energy is consumed in IL, even with PSM enabled. To remedy this problem, we propose E-MiLi (Energy-Minimizing idle Listening) that reduces the power consumption in IL, given that the time spent in IL has already been optimized by sleep scheduling. Observing that radio power consumption decreases proportionally to its clock-rate, E-MiLi adaptively downclocks the radio during IL, and reverts to full clock-rate when an incoming packet is detected or a packet has to be transmitted. E-MiLi incorporates sampling rate invariant detection, ensuring accurate packet detection and address filtering even when the receiver's sampling clock-rate is much lower than the signal bandwidth. Further, it employs an opportunistic downclocking mechanism to optimize the efficiency of switching clock-rate, based on a simple interface to existing MAC-layer scheduling protocols. We have implemented E-MiLi on the USRP software radio platform. Our experimental evaluation shows that E-MiLi can detect packets with close to 100% accuracy even with downclocking by a factor of 16. When integrated with 802.11, E-MiLi can reduce energy consumption by around 44% for 92% of users in real-world wireless networks.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This letter verified the feasibility of DozyBand, a bandwidth adaptation scheme for energy efficient wireless communications in IEEE 802.11ac WLANs, and conducted extensive simulations and demonstrated that Dozy band outperforms existing mechanisms.
Abstract: In this letter, we propose DozyBand, a bandwidth adaptation scheme for energy efficient wireless communications in IEEE 802.11ac WLANs. DozyBand allows an access point and a client to adjust the channel bandwidth on demand to reduce needless energy spent during idle listening. By harnessing the feature of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, DozyBand facilitates the bandwidth negotiation with negligible control overhead. Through the experiments on software-defined radio platform, we verified the feasibility of DozyBand. We also conducted extensive simulations and demonstrated that DozyBand outperforms existing mechanisms.

Cites background or methods from "E-MiLi: energy-minimizing idle list..."

  • ...This is because the network interface card’s radio frequency chains always operate at baseband bandwidth, referred to as operating bandwidth, even during IL [1]....

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  • ...It mainly comes from its inherent CSMA mechanism; channel sensing and listening operations (referred to as idle listening (IL)) must be performed continuously to detect unpredictable incoming data frames [1]....

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  • ...Bandwidth Switching Delay: the bandwidth switching delay is mainly contributed by the lock-in time of the phase-locked loop (PLL) used by the transceiver’s chipset [1]....

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  • ...11 chipset (MAXIM 2831), the PLL takes less than 8 μs [1]....

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Journal Article
TL;DR: Halma is proposed, that can boost link capacity using multiple antennas but a single RF chain, thereby, consuming the same power as SISO and improving ZigBee's throughput and energy efficiency by multiple folds under realistic network settings.
Abstract: Leveraging the redundancy and parallelism from multiple RF chains, MIMO technology can easily scale wireless link capacity. However, the high power consumption and circuit area cost prevents MIMO from being adopted by energy constrained wireless devices. In this paper, we propose Halma, that can boost link capacity using multiple antennas but a single RF chain, thereby, consuming the same power as SISO. While modulating its normal data symbols, a Halma transmitter hops between multiple passive antennas on a per-symbol basis. The antenna hopping pattern implicitly carriers extra data, which the receiver can decode by extracting the index of the active antenna using its channel pattern as a signature. We design Halma by intercepting the antenna switching and channel estimation modules in modern wireless systems, including ZigBee and WiFi. Further, we design a modeldriven antenna hopping protocol to balance a tradeoff between link quality and dissimilarity of channel signatures. Remarkably, by leveraging the inherent packet structure in ZigBee, Halma’s link capacity can scale well with the number of antennas. Using the WARP software radio, we have implemented Halma along with a ZigBee- and WiFi-based PHY layer. Our experiments demonstrate that Halma can improve ZigBee’s throughput and energy efficiency by multiple folds under realistic network settings. For WiFi, it consumes similar power as SISO, but boosts throughput across a wide range of link conditions and modulation levels.
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper intends and examines several routing protocols for neighbor discovery in MANETs and proposes sleep scheduling algorithm to determine the sleep state and active state of the nodes.
Abstract: Neighbor discovery is an essential pace in wireless ad hoc network. In this paper, we Intend and examine several routing protocols for neighbor discovery in MANETs. Performance is investigated in both the symmetric and asymmetric case. Dynamic source routing is used to detect the shortest path among all neighbor nodes. To determine the energy efficiency of the node a new protocol commonly known as energy efficient Zigbee routing protocol is used. We propose sleep scheduling algorithm to determine the sleep state and active state of the nodes. By using those protocols the effectiveness and energy efficiency of the node is recognized for asynchronization case in MANET. The concert of the network is increased up to 90% in both the symmetric and asymmetric case.

Cites background from "E-MiLi: energy-minimizing idle list..."

  • ...In [2] WiFi interface is known to be a primary energy...

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
Ahmed Khattab1
01 Dec 2015
TL;DR: It is empirically show that opportunistic access does not only improve the channel utilization but also reduces the energy consumption by up to 25% and 40% compared to legacy IEEE 802.11 channel access that is widely adopted in wireless home networks.
Abstract: In this paper, we evaluate the energy efficiency of opportunistic channel access when used in wireless home networking applications. The main idea is to prioritize the access rights of the wireless home applications sharing a given IEEE 802.11 channel. A low priority network can opportunistically access the channel during the inactive periods of a high priority network. We empirically show that such opportunistic access does not only improve the channel utilization but also reduces the energy consumption by up to 25% and 40% compared to legacy IEEE 802.11 channel access that is widely adopted in wireless home networks. Our results also show that opportunistic access provides protection to the access right of the high priority network with outages as low as 6.4% to 0.5%.

Cites background from "E-MiLi: energy-minimizing idle list..."

  • ...However, PTX and PRX are comparable to each other although their absolute values differ from one transceiver implementation to another [9], [10]....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
Ali Rostami1, Bin Cheng1, Hongsheng Lu2, John Kenney2, Marco Gruteser1 
01 Dec 2019
TL;DR: The simulations show that the proposed algorithm converges and improves the information age for P2X safety applications while reducing energy consumption by 90% compared to existing vehicle-to-vehicle congestion control algorithms.
Abstract: Pedestrian-to-Everything (P2X) communication can support numerous applications from improving traffic light cycle schedules to increase pedestrian safety. However, challenges, such as limited wireless channel resources and battery power, need to be addressed before mass deployment of these systems. In this paper, we introduce a distributed channel congestion control algorithm for Personal Safety Messages (PSMs) that can converge in heterogeneous application environments with different message rates. Different message rates arise, for example, with contextual transmission policies (CTP) that activate different applications based on situational context, such as the estimated positioning accuracy. To minimize channel sensing energy usage, we further propose a novel collaborative channel load measurement mechanism. To evaluate these proposals, we simulate a dense pedestrian scenario in ns-3 with heterogeneous message rates. The simulations show that the proposed algorithm converges and improves the information age for P2X safety applications while reducing energy consumption by 90% compared to existing vehicle-to-vehicle congestion control algorithms.

Additional excerpts

  • ...For example, work by Zhang and Shin [13] showed that most of the energy consumption in wireless networks is due to Receive mode (RX) and Idle Listening mode (IL) at the physical layer....

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  • ...For example, work by Zhang and Shin [13] showed that most of...

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References
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Journal Article
TL;DR: S-MAC as discussed by the authors is a medium access control protocol designed for wireless sensor networks, which uses three novel techniques to reduce energy consumption and support self-configuration, including virtual clusters to auto-sync on sleep schedules.
Abstract: This paper proposes S-MAC, a medium-access control (MAC) protocol designed for wireless sensor networks. Wireless sensor networks use battery-operated computing and sensing devices. A network of these devices will collaborate for a common application such as environmental monitoring. We expect sensor networks to be deployed in an ad hoc fashion, with individual nodes remaining largely inactive for long periods of time, but then becoming suddenly active when something is detected. These characteristics of sensor networks and applications motivate a MAC that is different from traditional wireless MACs such as IEEE 802.11 in almost every way: energy conservation and self-configuration are primary goals, while per-node fairness and latency are less important. S-MAC uses three novel techniques to reduce energy consumption and support self-configuration. To reduce energy consumption in listening to an idle channel, nodes periodically sleep. Neighboring nodes form virtual clusters to auto-synchronize on sleep schedules. Inspired by PAMAS, S-MAC also sets the radio to sleep during transmissions of other nodes. Unlike PAMAS, it only uses in-channel signaling. Finally, S-MAC applies message passing to reduce contention latency for sensor-network applications that require store-and-forward processing as data move through the network. We evaluate our implementation of S-MAC over a sample sensor node, the Mote, developed at University of California, Berkeley. The experiment results show that, on a source node, an 802.11-like MAC consumes 2–6 times more energy than S-MAC for traffic load with messages sent every 1–10s.

5,354 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
07 Nov 2002
TL;DR: S-MAC uses three novel techniques to reduce energy consumption and support self-configuration, and applies message passing to reduce contention latency for sensor-network applications that require store-and-forward processing as data move through the network.
Abstract: This paper proposes S-MAC, a medium-access control (MAC) protocol designed for wireless sensor networks Wireless sensor networks use battery-operated computing and sensing devices A network of these devices will collaborate for a common application such as environmental monitoring We expect sensor networks to be deployed in an ad hoc fashion, with individual nodes remaining largely inactive for long periods of time, but then becoming suddenly active when something is detected These characteristics of sensor networks and applications motivate a MAC that is different from traditional wireless MACs such as IEEE 80211 in almost every way: energy conservation and self-configuration are primary goals, while per-node fairness and latency are less important S-MAC uses three novel techniques to reduce energy consumption and support self-configuration To reduce energy consumption in listening to an idle channel, nodes periodically sleep Neighboring nodes form virtual clusters to auto-synchronize on sleep schedules Inspired by PAMAS, S-MAC also sets the radio to sleep during transmissions of other nodes Unlike PAMAS, it only uses in-channel signaling Finally, S-MAC applies message passing to reduce contention latency for sensor-network applications that require store-and-forward processing as data move through the network We evaluate our implementation of S-MAC over a sample sensor node, the Mote, developed at University of California, Berkeley The experiment results show that, on a source node, an 80211-like MAC consumes 2-6 times more energy than S-MAC for traffic load with messages sent every 1-10 s

5,117 citations


"E-MiLi: energy-minimizing idle list..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...In sensor networks, a popular MAC-layer energy saving mechanism is LPL, which is used by S-MAC [32], B-MAC [33] and many derivatives....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
03 Nov 2004
TL;DR: B-MAC's flexibility results in better packet delivery rates, throughput, latency, and energy consumption than S-MAC, and the need for flexible protocols to effectively realize energy efficient sensor network applications is illustrated.
Abstract: We propose B-MAC, a carrier sense media access protocol for wireless sensor networks that provides a flexible interface to obtain ultra low power operation, effective collision avoidance, and high channel utilization. To achieve low power operation, B-MAC employs an adaptive preamble sampling scheme to reduce duty cycle and minimize idle listening. B-MAC supports on-the-fly reconfiguration and provides bidirectional interfaces for system services to optimize performance, whether it be for throughput, latency, or power conservation. We build an analytical model of a class of sensor network applications. We use the model to show the effect of changing B-MAC's parameters and predict the behavior of sensor network applications. By comparing B-MAC to conventional 802.11-inspired protocols, specifically SMAC, we develop an experimental characterization of B-MAC over a wide range of network conditions. We show that B-MAC's flexibility results in better packet delivery rates, throughput, latency, and energy consumption than S-MAC. By deploying a real world monitoring application with multihop networking, we validate our protocol design and model. Our results illustrate the need for flexible protocols to effectively realize energy efficient sensor network applications.

3,631 citations


"E-MiLi: energy-minimizing idle list..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...In sensor networks, a popular MAC-layer energy saving mechanism is LPL, which is used by S-MAC [32], B-MAC [33] and many derivatives....

    [...]

Proceedings ArticleDOI
23 Sep 2002
TL;DR: This paper introduces a technique to increase the battery lifetime of a PDA-based phone by reducing its idle power, the power a device consumes in a "standby" state and shows that it can provide a significant lifetime improvement over other technologies.
Abstract: The demand for an all-in-one phone with integrated personal information management and data access capabilities is beginning to accelerate. While personal digital assistants (PDAs) with built-in cellular, WiFi, and Voice-Over-IP technologies have the ability to serve these needs in a single package, the rate at which energy is consumed by PDA-based phones is very high. Thus, these devices can quickly drain their own batteries and become useless to their owner.In this paper, we introduce a technique to increase the battery lifetime of a PDA-based phone by reducing its idle power, the power a device consumes in a "standby" state. To reduce the idle power, we essentially shut down the device and its wireless network card when the device is not being used---the device is powered only when an incoming call is received. Using this technique, we can increase the battery lifetime by up to 115%.In this paper, we describe the design of our "wake-on-wireless" energy-saving strategy and the prototype device we implemented. To evaluate our technique, we compare it with alternative approaches. Our results show that our technique can provide a significant lifetime improvement over other technologies.

863 citations


"E-MiLi: energy-minimizing idle list..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The wake-on-wireless scheme [26] augments a secondary low-power radio for packet detection, and triggers the primary receiver only when a new packet arrives....

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