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Journal ArticleDOI

Eau potable et santé publique : défis actuels et futurs

09 Jun 2006-Journal of Water Science (Université du Québec - INRS-Eau, Terre et Environnement (INRS-ETE))-Vol. 19, Iss: 2, pp 127-135
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present six defis pour la sante publique dans le dossier de l'eau potable pour les annees futures, and conclude that le probleme de la qualite de l’eau de boisson doit etre apprehende dans une perspective mondiale.
Abstract: L’eau que nous consommons chaque jour est essentielle a la vie. Sa qualite a toujours ete un element indispensable a un environnement favorable a la sante. Actuellement, loin d’avoir ete resolu, le probleme de la qualite de l’eau de boisson est toujours une priorite de sante publique, autant dans les pays en voie de developpement que dans les pays industrialises. Ce texte presente six defis pour la sante publique dans le dossier de l’eau potable pour les annees futures : Finalement, le probleme de la qualite de l’eau potable doit etre apprehende dans une perspective mondiale.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focused on the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution by adsorption (bach method) on polyacrylonitrile-co-sodium methallyl sulfonate copolymer (AN69) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) synthetic membranes which were prepared specifically for this purpose.
Abstract: The scope of this work is focused on the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution by adsorption (bach method) on polyacrylonitrile-co-sodium methallyl sulfonate copolymer (AN69) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) synthetic membranes which were prepared specifically for this purpose. Investigations have covered membrane properties and the determination of adsorption parameters. The immobilization of PAA chains into AN69 matrix was revealed by FTIR analysis, whereas the presence of small superficial microcavities was demonstrated by AFM scanning. Otherwise, the increase in PAA fraction (0 to 10%), in membrane composition, induces an increase in swelling ratio (12–22%) and ionic exchange capacity (0.8–1.2 meq/g). Moreover, the equilibrium adsorption capacity improves with the increase in alkalinity of initial adsorbate solution (pH = 2–11) and with the concentration (C = 20–80 mg/L). The results of kinetic adsorption show that the mechanism of adsorption is perfectly fitted by pseudo-second order (R2 = 0.999) and the isotherm adsorption follows the Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.98). From the different applied adsorption models, it was found that the maximum Langmuir adsorption capacity Qm was 116 mg/g and the Freundlich index of adsorption n was 2.2.

2 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
15 Sep 2012
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose an adaptation of l'approche contextualiste de Pettigrew (1990, 1992) to the context of coalitions, un concept propre a l’approche des reseaux de politiques publiques.
Abstract: Cet article vise la comprehension du contexte et du jeu des acteurs ayant mene a l’adoption du Reglement sur la qualite de l’eau potable. Cette initiative a permis au Quebec de se positionner parmi les Etats ayant des normes de qualite et des controles de production parmi les plus rigoureux sur le continent nord-americain. Une adaptation de l’approche contextualiste de Pettigrew (1990 ; 1992) est retenue comme cadre d’analyse. Cette approche insiste sur l’importance, au moment d’un changement, de l’interaction entre trois dimensions : le contexte, le contenu et le processus. De maniere a preciser cette derniere dimension, il est propose de recourir a l’idee de coalitions, un concept propre a l’approche des reseaux de politiques publiques. Cet apport permet de mieux cerner l’influence des organisations externes a l’appareil gouvernemental et de fournir une explication des relations entre les differentes dimensions du contextualiste.

2 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , a prospective and analytical study on three sites where hospital effluents from the intensive care unit (station A), the upstream of the wastewater treatment plant (station B), and the gynaecology, surgery and hospitalisation departments (station C) were sampled.
Abstract: The untreated effluents generated by hospital activities contribute to the dissemination of pathogenic germs and multi-resistant bacteria, thus presenting a great potential danger for health and the environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological and physico-chemical quality of the effluents of the Yaoundé University Hospital Centre and their impact on the environment. It was a prospective and analytical study on three sites where hospital effluents from the intensive care unit (Station A), the upstream of the wastewater treatment plant (Station B), and the gynaecology, surgery and hospitalisation departments (Station C) were sampled. Samples were collected in sterile glass bottles for bacteriological analyses and polyethylene bottles for physico-chemical analyses. The bacteriological parameters measured showed that the density of the bacterial species sought was very high at Station B with a predominance of the species Escherichia coli (57.36%). At Station A, total coliforms were very abundant (50.12%) and at Station C, the genus Pseudomonas was predominant (14.69%). Bacteria of the genus Streptococcus were represented by three species, namely: Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The Pseudomonas genus was also represented by 3 species, namely Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas maltophilia and Pseudomonas putida. The physico-chemical parameters showed that apart from temperature and conductivity, which were in compliance with the standards, the other had values higher than these standards. This study shows that untreated hospital effluent contains most of the bacteria involved in community, nosocomial infections and would be a potential source of risk to the surrounding population.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The circumstances surrounding the Walkerton tragedy are an important reference source for those concerned with providing safe drinking water and they present the challenge for how drinking water safety can be managed to prevent such tragedies in the future.

384 citations

01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: During 2006, Australians and people everywhere have begun to engage increasingly, and with growing concern, with the issue of human-induced global climate change.
Abstract: During 2006, Australians and people everywhere have begun to engage increasingly, and with growing concern, with the issue of human-induced global climate change. This is, by any criterion, an extraordinary phenomenon – in terms of its very nature (fancy the human enterprise now being of such dimensions that it is changing the way the planet works), its scale, the rate at which it is now evolving, and the diversity of its impacts.

208 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the potential health hazards of human population from global climate change are examined, defined as a complex of meteorological processes driven by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Abstract: The sustained health of human populations requires the continued integrity of Earths natural systems. These systems are now threatened by global climate change and other environmental changes such as those resulting from unsustainable use of natural resources from air water and soil pollution and from overcrowding. Divided into 10 chapters this book examines the potential health hazards of human population from global climate change--defined as a complex of meteorological processes driven by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Climate change consequences considered in this text include changes in temperature and precipitation changes in the frequency of extreme weather events and sea level rise. Chapter 1 describes the historical and economic context within which the climate change issue has arisen and discusses the scale complexity and fundamental “newness” of the problem. Chapter 2 reviews the science of greenhouse gas accumulation and its effects upon the climate system. Moreover it discusses the associated problem of stratospheric ozone depletion. The various possible impacts of climate change and stratospheric ozone depletion upon human health are examined in chapters 3 to 8. Chapters 9 and 10 address the implications of global climate change for research monitoring and social-policy response.

192 citations

Book
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: This publication helps to broaden awareness of emerging issued in water and infectious disease and to guide readers to sources of information that deal with these issues.
Abstract: This publication helps to broaden awareness of emerging issued in water and infectiousdisease and to guide readers to sources of information that deal with ...

177 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The health benefits of preventing gastroenteritis in the general population and premature death in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome outweigh health losses by premature death from renal cell cancer by a factor of > 10, and the net benefit is approximately 1 DALY/million person-years.
Abstract: To evaluate the applicability of disability adjusted life-years (DALYs) as a measure to compare positive and negative health effects of drinking water disinfection, we conducted a case study involving a hypothetical drinking water supply from surface water. This drinking water supply is typical in The Netherlands. We compared the reduction of the risk of infection with Cryptosporidium parvum by ozonation of water to the concomitant increase in risk of renal cell cancer arising from the production of bromate. We applied clinical, epidemiologic, and toxicologic data on morbidity and mortality to calculate the net health benefit in DALYs. We estimated the median risk of infection with C. parvum as 10(-3)/person-year. Ozonation reduces the median risk in the baseline approximately 7-fold, but bromate is produced in a concentration above current guideline levels. However, the health benefits of preventing gastroenteritis in the general population and premature death in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome outweigh health losses by premature death from renal cell cancer by a factor of > 10. The net benefit is approximately 1 DALY/million person-years. The application of DALYs in principle allows us to more explicitly compare the public health risks and benefits of different management options. In practice, the application of DALYs may be hampered by the substantial degree of uncertainty, as is typical for risk assessment.

120 citations