Ecological novelty and the emergence of evolutionary traps.
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...Both the relative attractiveness and fitness costs of traps will influence how they affect animals [5], and we also examined if traps that are most attractive to animals are those with the greatest fitness costs....
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...Furthermore, the ‘ecological trap’ concept was originally formulated on studies with birds, and while a wide range of taxa are affected [5], is this diversity studied commonly? Animals may differ considerably in terms of the likelihood of maladaptive responses to HIREC [3], and taxonomic biases in research effort may mean we understand only a subset of this variability....
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...In two comprehensive reviews, Robertson and coworkers [5,7] identified studies that meet these criteria and assessed many of the characteristics of traps....
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...This work has provided a solid framework for assessing maladaptive responses to HIREC and important insights including: (i) a broad array of anthropogenic activities can cause traps; (ii) most studies are of ‘severe’ traps, potentially reflecting a reporting bias against ‘equal preference’ traps; and (iii) changes in both cue sets and resource values cause severe traps in most cases [5]....
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...[5,7,10,11]), there has been limited exploration of strategies for preventing their formation or mitigating their impacts (but see [8,12,13])....
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