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Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research

12 Jul 2001-
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an introduction to the process of conducting research, including the steps in the procedure of identifying a research problem, defining a purpose and research questions or hypotheses, and analyzing and interpreting quantitative data.
Abstract: Part I: AN INTRODUCTION TO EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH. 1. The Process of Conducting Research. 2. Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Part II: THE STEPS IN THE PROCESS OF RESEARCH. 3. Identifying a Research Problem. 4. Reviewing the Literature. 5. Specifying a Purpose and Research Questions or Hypotheses. 6. Collecting Quantitative Data. 7. Analyzing and Interpreting Quantitative Data. 8. Collecting Qualitative Data. 9. Analyzing and Interpreting Qualitative Data. 10. Reporting and Evaluating Research. Part III: RESEARCH DESIGNS. 11. Experimental Designs. 12. Correlational Designs. 13. Survey Designs. 14. Grounded Theory Designs. 15. Ethnographic Designs. 16. Narrative Research Designs. 17. Mixed Methods Designs. 18. Action Research Designs. Appendix A: Answers to the Chapter Study Questions. Appendix B: Determine Size Using Sample Size Tables. Appendix C: Non-Normal Distribution. Appendix D: Strategies for Defending a Research Proposal. Glossary. References. Author Index. Subject Index.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Although the general inductive approach is not as strong as some other analytic strategies for theory or model development, it does provide a simple, straightforward approach for deriving findings in the context of focused evaluation questions.
Abstract: A general inductive approach for analysis of qualitative evaluation data is described. The purposes for using an inductive approach are to (a) condense raw textual data into a brief, summary format; (b) establish clear links between the evaluation or research objectives and the summary findings derived from the raw data; and (c) develop a framework of the underlying structure of expe- riences or processes that are evident in the raw data. The general inductive approach provides an easily used and systematic set of procedures for analyzing qualitative data that can produce reliable and valid findings. Although the general inductive approach is not as strong as some other analytic strategies for theory or model development, it does provide a simple, straightforward approach for deriving findings in the context of focused evaluation questions. Many evaluators are likely to find using a general inductive approach less complicated than using other approaches to qualitative data analysis.

8,199 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors provided a detailed discussion about five qualitative approaches (i.e., narrative research, case study research, grounded theory, phenomenology, and participatory action research) as alternative qualitative procedures useful in understanding test interpretation.
Abstract: Counseling psychologists face many approaches from which to choose when they conduct a qualitative research study. This article focuses on the processes of selecting, contrasting, and implementing five different qualitative approaches. Based on an extended example related to test interpretation by counselors, clients, and communities, this article provides a detailed discussion about five qualitative approaches— narrative research; case study research; grounded theory; phenomenology; and participatory action research—as alternative qualitative procedures useful in understanding test interpretation. For each approach, the authors offer perspectives about historical origins, definition, variants, and the procedures of research.

2,409 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The article provides a methodological overview of priority, implementation, and mixing in the sequential explanatory design and offers some practical guidance in addressing those issues.
Abstract: This article discusses some procedural issues related to the mixed-methods sequential explanatory design, which implies collecting and analyzing quantitative and then qualitative data in two consecutive phases within one study. Such issues include deciding on the priority or weight given to the quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis in the study, the sequence of the data collection and analysis, and the stage/stages in the research process at which the quantitative and qualitative data are connected and the results are integrated. The article provides a methodological overview of priority, implementation, and mixing in the sequential explanatory design and offers some practical guidance in addressing those issues. It also outlines the steps for graphically representing the procedures in a mixed-methods study. A mixed-methods sequential explanatory study of doctoral students’ persistence in a distance-learning program in educational leadership is used to illustrate the methodological dis...

2,123 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper provides a framework for developing sampling designs in mixed methods research and presents sampling schemes that have been associated with quantitative and qualitative research, and provides a sampling design typology.
Abstract: This paper provides a framework for developing sampling designs in mixed methods research. First, we present sampling schemes that have been associated with quantitative and qualitative research. Second, we discuss sample size considerations and provide sample size recommendations for each of the major research designs for quantitative and qualitative approaches. Third, we provide a sampling design typology and we demonstrate how sampling designs can be classified according to time orientation of the components and relationship of the qualitative and quantitative sample. Fourth, we present four major crises to mixed methods research and indicate how each crisis may be used to guide sampling design considerations. Finally, we emphasize how sampling design impacts the extent to which researchers can generalize their findings. Key Words: Sampling Schemes, Qualitative Research, Generalization, Parallel Sampling Designs, Pairwise Sampling Designs, Subgroup Sampling Designs, Nested Sampling Designs, and Multilevel Sampling Designs

1,508 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper presents a three-dimensional typology of mixed methods designs that represents an attempt to rise to the challenge of creating an integrated typologies of mixed method designs.
Abstract: The mixed methods paradigm is still in its adolescence, and, thus, is still relatively unknown and confusing to many researchers. In general, mixed methods research represents research that involves collecting, analyzing, and interpreting quantitative and qualitative data in a single study or in a series of studies that investigate the same underlying phenomenon. Over the last several years, a plethora of research designs have been developed. However, the number of designs that currently prevail leaves the doctoral student, the beginning researcher, and even the experienced researcher who is new to the field of mixed methods research with the challenge of selecting optimal mixed methods designs. This paper presents a three-dimensional typology of mixed methods designs that represents an attempt to rise to the challenge of creating an integrated typology of mixed methods designs. An example for each design is included as well as a notation system that fits our eight-design framework.

1,478 citations

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What are the steps in conducting educational research?

The paper discusses the steps in conducting educational research, including identifying a research problem, reviewing the literature, specifying a purpose and research questions or hypotheses, collecting quantitative and qualitative data, analyzing and interpreting the data, and reporting and evaluating the research.