Effect of anionic surfactant and temperature on micellization behavior of promethazine hydrochloride drug in absence and presence of urea
TL;DR: In this article, the interaction between promethazine hydrochloride (PMH) drug and NaDS have been carried out conductometrically at various temperatures and concentration to examine the monomeric as well as micellar phases of aqueous solutions of mixed systems in absence and attendance of urea (NH 2 CONH 2 ).
About: This article is published in Journal of Molecular Liquids.The article was published on 2017-07-01. It has received 184 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Critical micelle concentration & Micelle.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the micellar behavior of bile salt mixtures in aqueous/electrolyte solutions has been evaluated by tensiometric method at 298.15 K. Various theoretical models such as Clint, Rubingh and Rosen were utilized to acquire information concerning the nature of interaction among the components in the solution as well as at the interface.
Abstract: With the intention to explore bile salts applications as drug delivery vehicles, the mixed interfacial as well as micellar behavior of the sodium salt of ibuprofen (NaIbuF) and bile salts mixtures in aqueous/electrolyte solutions has been evaluated by tensiometric method at 298.15 K. Bile salts (sodium cholate (NaC) and sodium deoxycholate (NaDC)) used in the present study are anionic in nature and form small micelles. Various theoretical models such as Clint, Rubingh, and Rosen were utilized to acquire information concerning the nature of interaction among the components in the solution as well as at the interface. Because of the presence of inorganic salt (100 mmol·kg–1 NaCl) a decrease in the surface charge of the micelles takes place and ensuing micellization occurs at poorer concentration. The value of the micellar mole fraction (X1m) is found to be greater for NaIbuF + NaDC mixtures in comparison to NaIbuF + NaC mixtures, signifying that participation of NaDC is greater in mixed micelles as compared...
140 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the interaction of anionic bile salt sodium taurocholate (NaTaC) and anionic anti-inflammatory drug sodium salt of ibuprofen (NaIBU) in aqueous solutions together with in occurrence of 100mmol kg−1 NaCl and 250mmolkg−1 urea (NH2CONH2) using tensiometric and fluorometric techniques at 298.15
134 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the interaction between cationic surfactant (conventional [myristyltrimethylammonium bromide, MTAB] and anti-inflammatory sodium salt of ibuprofen (IBU) drug in aqueous solutions by using tensiometry method at 298.15 K was studied.
128 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a tensiometric method was employed to obtain the nature of interaction amid the drug and surfactant in the solution and at the interface, and the mixed systems showed lower cmc value in comparison to ideal cmc (cmcid) value representing the nonideal behavior of present solution mixture of drug and foamy surfactants.
126 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the interaction between ninhydrin and glycylleucine (Gly-Leu) dipeptide in cationic Gemini surfactants was studied using spectrophotometric technique.
95 citations
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Book•
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, the Gibbs equation is used to calculate the area per Molecule at the interface by using the Gibbs Equation (GEE) of the Gibbs equilibrium. But the Gibbs equations are not applicable to surface-active agents.
Abstract: Preface. 1 Characteristic Features of Surfactants. A Conditions Under Which Interfacial Phenomena and Surfactants Become Significant. B General Structural Features and Behavior of Surfactants. 1 General Use of Charge Types. 2 General Effects of the Nature of the Hydrophobic Group. I Characteristic Features and Uses of Commercially Available Surfactants. I.A Anionics. 1 Carboxylic Acid Salts. 2 Sulfonic Acid Salts. 3 Sulfuric Acid Ester Salts. 4 Phosphoric and Polyphosphoric Acid Esters. 5 Fluorinated Anionics. I.B Cationics. 1 Long-Chain Amines and Their Salts. 2 Acylated Diamines and Polyamines and Their Salts. 3 Quaternary Ammonium Salts. 4 Polyoxyethylenated (POE) Long-Chain Amines. 5 Quaternized POE Long-Chain Amines. 6 Amine Oxides. I.C Nonionics. 1 POE Alkylphenols, Alkylphenol "Ethoxylates". 2 POE Straight-Chain Alcohols, Alcohol "Ethoxylates". 3 POE Polyoxypropylene glycols. 4 POE Mercaptans. 5 Long-Chain Carboxylic Acid Esters. 6 Alkanolamine "Condensates," Alkanolamides. 7 Tertiary Acetylenic Glycols and Their "Ethoxylates". 8 POE Silicones. 9 N-Alkylpyrrolidones. 10 Alkylpolyglycosides. I.D Zwitterionics. 1 pH-Sensitive Zwitterionics. 2 pH-Insensitive Zwitterionics. I.E Newer Surfactants Based Upon Renewable Raw Materials. 1 a-Sulfofatty Acid Methyl Esters (SME). 2 Acylated Aminoacids. 3 N-Acyl L-Glutamates (AG). 4 N-Acyl Glycinates. 5 N-Acyl DL-Alaninates. 6 Other Acylated Aminoacids. 7 Nopol Alkoxylates. II Environmental Effects of Surfactants. II.A Surfactant Biodegradability. II.B Surfactant Toxicity To and Bioconcentration in Marine Organisms. III Some Useful Generalizations. References. Problems. 2 Adsorption of Surface-Active Agents at Interfaces: The Electrical Double Layer. I The Electrical Double Layer. II Adsorption at the Solid-Liquid Interface. II.A Mechanisms of Adsorption and Aggregation. II.B Adsorption Isotherms. 1 The Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm. II.C Adsorption from Aqueous Solution Onto Adsorbents with Strongly Charged Sites. 1 Ionic Surfactants. 2 Nonionic Surfactants. 3 pH Change. 4 Ionic Strength. 5 Temperature. II.D Adsorption from Aqueous Solution Onto Nonpolar, Hydrophobic Adsorbents. II.E Adsorption from Aqueous Solution Onto Polar Adsorbents without Strongly Charged Sites. II.F Effects of Adsorption from Aqueous Solution on the Surface Properties of the Solid Adsorbent. 1 Substrates with Strongly Charged Sites. 2 Nonpolar Adsorbents. II.G Adsorption from Nonaqueous Solution. II.H Determination of the Specific Surface Areas of Solids. III Adsorption at the Liquid-Gas (L/G) and Liquid-Liquid (L/L) Interfaces. III.A The Gibbs Adsorption Equation 60 III.B Calculation of Surface Concentrations and Area per Molecule at the Interface By Use of the Gibbs Equation. III.C Effectiveness of Adsorption at the L/G and L/L Interfaces. III.D The Szyszkowski, Langmuir, and Frumkin Equations. III.E Efficiency of Adsorption at the L/G and L/L Interfaces. III.F Calculation of Thermodynamic Parameters of Adsorption at the L/G and L/L Interfaces. III.G Adsorption from Mixtures of Two Surfactants. References. Problems. 3 Micelle Formation by Surfactants. I The Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC). II Micellar Structure and Shape. II.A The Packing Parameter. II.B Surfactant Structure and Micellar Shape. II.C Liquid Crystals. III Micellar Aggregation Numbers. IV Factors Affecting the Value of the CMC in Aqueous Media. IV.A Structure of the Surfactant. 1 The Hydrophobic Group. 2 The Hydrophobic Group. 3 The Counterion in Ionic Surfactants: Degree of Binding to the Micelle 139 4 Empirical Equations. IV.B Electrolyte. IV.C Organic Additives. 1 Class I Materials. 2 Class II Materials. IV.D The Presence of a Second Liquid Phase. IV.E Temperature. V Micellization in Aqueous Solution and Adsorption at the Aqueous Solution-Air or Aqueous Solution-Hydrocarbon Interface. V.A. The CMC/C20 ratio. VI CMCs in Nonaqueous Media. VII Equations for the CMC Based on Theoretical Considerations. VIII Thermodynamic Parameters of Micellization. IX Mixed Micelle Formation in Mixtures of Two Surfactants. References. Problems. 4 Solubilization by Solutions of Surfactants: Micellar Catalysis. I Solubilization in Aqueous Media. I.A Locus of Solubilization. I.B Factors Determining the Extent of Solubilization. 1 Structure of the Surfactant. 2 Structure of the Solubilizate. 3 Effect of Electrolyte. 4 Effect of Monomeric Organic Additives. 5 Effect of Polymeric Organic Additives. 6 Mixed Anionic-Nonionic Micelles. 7 Effect of Temperature. 8 Hydrotropy. I.C Rate of Solubilization. II Solubilization in Nonaqueous Solvents. II.A Secondary Solubilization. III Some Effects of Solubilization. III.A Effect of Solubilization on Micellar Structure. III.B Change in the Cloud Points of Aqueous Solutions of Nonionic Surfactants. III.C Reduction of the CMC. III.D Miscellaneous Effects of Solubilization. IV Micellar Catalysis. References. Problems. 5 Reduction of Surface and Interfacial Tension by Surfactants. I Efficiency in Surface Tension Reduction. II Effectiveness in Surface Tension Reduction. II.A The Krafft Point. II.B Interfacial Parameter and Chemical Structural Effects. III Liquid-Liquid Interfacial Tension Reduction. III.A Ultralow Interfacial Tension. IV Dynamic Surface Tension Reduction. IV.A Dynamic Regions. IV.B Apparent Diffusion Coefficients of Surfactants. References. Problems. 6 Wetting and Its Modification by Surfactants. I Wetting Equilibria. I.A Spreading Wetting. 1 The Contact Angle. 2 Measurement of the Contact Angle. I.B Adhesional Wetting. I.C Immersional Wetting. I.D Adsorption and Wetting. II Modification of Wetting by Surfactants. II.A General Considerations. II.B Hard Surface (Equilibrium) Wetting. II.C Textile (Nonequilibrium) Wetting. II.D Effect of Additives. III Synergy in Wetting by Mixtures of Surfactants. IV Superspreading (Superwetting). References. Problems. 7 Foaming and Antifoaming by Aqueous Solutions of Surfactants. I Theories of Film Elasticity. II Factors Determining Foam Persistence. II.A Drainage of Liquid in the Lamellae. II.B Diffusion of Gas Through the Lamellae. II.C Surface Viscosity. II.D The Existence and Thickness of the Electrical Double Layer. III The Relation of Surfactant Chemical Structure to Foaming in Aqueous Solution. III.A Efficiency as a Foaming Agent. III.B Effectiveness as a Foaming Agent. III.C Low-Foaming Surfactants. IV Foam-Stabilizing Organic Additives. V Antifoaming. VI Foaming of Aqueous Dispersions of Finely Divided Solids. References. Problems. 8 Emulsification by Surfactants. I Macroemulsions. I.A Formation. I.B Factors Determining Stability. 1 Physical Nature of the Interfacial Film. 2 Existence of an Electrical or Steric Barrier to Coalescence on the Dispersed Droplets. 3 Viscosity of the Continuous Phase. 4 Size Distribution of Droplets. 5 Phase Volume Ratio. 6 Temperature. I.C Inversion. I.D Multiple Emulsions. I.E Theories of Emulsion Type. 1 Qualitative Theories. 2 Kinetic Theory of Macroemulsion Type. II Microemulsions. III Nanoemulsions. IV Selection of Surfactants as Emulsifying Agents. IV.A The HLB Method. IV.B The PIT Method. IV.C The HLD Method. V Demulsification. References. Problems. 9 Dispersion and Aggregation of Solids in Liquid Media by Surfactants. I Interparticle Forces. I.A Soft (electrostatic) and van der Waals Forces: DLVO Theory. 1 Limitations of the DLVO Theory. I.B Steric Forces. II Role of the Surfactant in the Dispersion Process. II.A Wetting of the Powder. II.B Deaggregation or Fragmentation of Particle Clusters. II.C Prevention of Reaggregation. III Coagulation or Flocculation of Dispersed Solids by Surfactants. III.A Neutralization or Reduction of the Potential at the Stern Layer of the Dispersed Particles. III.B Bridging. III.C Reversible Flocculation. IV The Relation of Surfactant Chemical Structure to Dispersing Properties. IV.A Aqueous Dispersions. IV.B Nonaqueous Dispersions. References. Problems. 10 Detergency and Its Modification by Surfactants. I Mechanisms of the Cleaning Process. I.A Removal of Soil from Substrate. 1 Removal of Liquid Soil. 2 Removal of Solid Soil. I.B Suspension of the Soil in the Bath and Prevention of Redeposition. 1 Solid Particulate Soils: Formation of Electrical and Steric Barriers Soil Release Agents. 2 Liquid Oily Soil. I.C Skin Irritation. I.D Dry Cleaning. II Effect of Water Hardness. II.A Builders. II.B Lime Soap Dispersing Agents. III Fabric Softeners. IV The Relation of the Chemical Structure of the Surfactant to Its Detergency. IV.A Effect of Soil and Substrate. 1 Oily Soil. 2 Particulate Soil. 3 Mixed Soil. IV.B Effect of the Hydrophobic Group of the Surfactant. IV.C Effect of the Hydrophilic Group of the Surfactant. IV.D Dry Cleaning. References. Problems. 11 Molecular Interactions and Synergism in Mixtures of Two Surfactants. I Evaluation of Molecular Interaction Parameters. I.A Notes on the Use of Equations 11.1-11.4. II Effect of Chemical Structure and Molecular Environment on Molecular Interaction Parameters. III Conditions for the Existence of Synergism. III.A Synergism or Antagonism (Negative Synergism) in Surface or Interfacial Tension Reduction Efficiency. III.B Synergism or Antagonism (Negative Synergism) in Mixed Micelle Formation in Aqueous Medium. III.C Synergism or Antagonism (Negative Synergism) in Surface or Interfacial Tension Reduction Effectiveness. III.D Selection of Surfactants Pairs for Optimal Interfacial Properties. IV The Relation between Synergism in Fundamental Surface Properties and Synergism in Surfactant Applications. References. Problems. 12 Gemini Surfactants. I Fundamental Properties. II Interaction with Other Surfactant. III Performance Properties. References. Problems. Answers to Problems. Index.
6,147 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the effect of the environment on the adsorption of Surfactants at the L/A interface and on the phase stability of Micellar systems.
Abstract: of Volume 1.- I. General Overview Papers.- Ionic Interaction and Phase Stability.- Comparative Effects of Chemical Structure and Environment on the Adsorption of Surfactants at the L/A Interface and on Micellization.- Studies of Lyotropic Liquid Crystals that Align in Magnetic Fields.- Use of Surfactant and Micellar Systems in Analytical Chemistry.- Micellar Systems Studied by Positron Annihilation Techniques.- Solubilization in Aqueous Micellar Systems.- Nonionic Surfactant Micelles and Mixed Micelles with Phospholipids.- Commercial Surfactants: An Overview.- II. Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Micellization in Aqueous Media.- Direct Measurements of the Thermodynamic Properties of Surfactants.- Electrolyte Effect on Micellization.- Kinetics of Micellization.- Thermodynamics of Micelle Formation: Model Calculations for Sodium Octanoate.- Pre-Micellar Maximum in the Light Scattering from Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide and Chloride.- Relaxation Amplitude of Non-Ionic Micelle Systems Perturbed by Solvent-Jump.- Mixed Micelle Solutions.- Anomalous Behaviour of Aromatic Alcohols on the Critical Micelle Concentrations of Cationic Surfactants.- Some Observations on the Micellar Behavior of Surfactants in Water and Aqueous Solvents.- Investigation of Aggregation Phenomena in Aqueous Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Solutions at High NaCl Concentration by Quasielastic Light Scattering.- The Effect of Dissolved Oils and Alcohols on the CMC of Synthetic and Petroleum Sulfonates.- Application of Keto-Enol Tautomerism to the Study of Micellar Property of Surfactants.- III. Effect of Solvent and Micelles in Nonaqueous Media.- Solvent Effects on Amphiphilic Aggregation.- Association Behavior of Synthetic and Naturally Occurring Surfactants in Nonaqueous Solvents.- Ultrasonic Absorption Studies of Solutions of Ionic Amphiphiles in Organic Solvents.- Formation of Micelles of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide in Water-Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solutions.- Temperature Effect on Molecular Dynamics in Micellar System. Proton Spin-Lattice Relaxation Study of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide in Water-Dimethylsulfoxide Mixtures.- About the Contributors.
1,246 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a theory for micellization in systems of mixed nonionic surfactants is developed, where assumptions of ideal mixing in the micellel and of a simple phase separation model enable the concentration of each monomeric species and hence the micellar composition to be calculated as a function of total concentration.
Abstract: A theory is developed for micellization in systems of mixed nonionic surfactants. Assumptions of ideal mixing in the micellel and of a simple phase separation model enable the concentration of each monomeric species and hence the micellar composition to be calculated as a function of total concentration (c). For mixtures of homologous surfactants the surface tension (γ) at the air-water interface is calculated by assuming the mixed monolayer to be in equilibrium with the monomers in solution. The γ against log c curve in such a system is predicted to have a minimum. Comparison with γ against log c curves obtained experimentally shows excellent agreement with theory over the whole concentration range both below and above the c.m.c.
937 citations
Book•
15 Sep 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, the phase behavior of surfactants in binary and ternary phase systems is investigated. But the authors focus on the phase behaviour of the solubilization process.
Abstract: 1. Surface activity.- 1.1 Amphipathic molecules.- 1.2 Surface activity in aqueous solution.- 1.3 Adsorption at liquid surfaces.- 1.4 Adsorption at solid surfaces.- 1.5 The wettability of solid surfaces.- 1.6 Modification of the surface properties of solids by adsorbed surfactants.- References.- 2. Phase behaviour of surfactants.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Liquid crystalline phases in binary surfactant systems.- 2.3 Liquid crystalline phases in ternary surfactant systems.- 2.4 Factors affecting phase behaviour.- 2.5 Quaternary phase systems.- References.- 3. Micellization.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Micellar structure.- 3.3 Micellar shape.- 3.4 Polydispersity of micellar size.- 3.5 Factors affecting the CMC and micellar size.- 3.6 Thermodynamics of micelle formation.- 3.7 Kinetics of micelle formation.- 3.8 Non-micellar association.- 3.9 Micelle formation in non-aqueous solvents.- References.- 4. Surface activity and colloidal properties of drugs and naturally occurring substances.- 4.1 Colloidal properties of drugs.- 4.2 Some biological consequences of drug surface activity.- 4.3 Biological relevance of micelle formation by drug molecules.- 4.4 Naturally occurring micelle formers: the bile salts, phospholipids and related systems.- References.- 5. Solubilization.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Experimental methods of studying solubilization.- 5.3 Mobility of solubilizate molecules.- 5.4 Factors influencing solubilization.- 5.5 Effect of solubilizate on micellar properties.- 5.6 Solubilization in non-aqueous solvents.- References.- 6. Pharmaceutical aspects of solubilization.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Solubilization of drugs.- 6.3 Pharmaceutical aspects of solubilization in non-aqueous systems.- 6.4 Solubilization with block co-polymeric surfactants.- 6.5 Polymer-surfactant interactions.- 6.6 Surfactant interactions with oppositely charged species.- 6.7 Hydrotropy in pharmaceutical systems.- References.- 7. Biological implications of surfactant presence in formulation.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Effect of surfactants on dissolution of drugs.- 7.3 Effect of surfactants on membrane permeability.- 7.4 Effect of surfactants on drug absorption.- 7.5 Miscellaneous formulations and the influence of surfactants.- 7.6 Surfactants and antibacterial activity.- 7.7 Utilization of solubilization in drug delivery systems.- References.- 8. Emulsions.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Aspects of emulsion stability.- 8.3 Multiple emulsions.- 8.4 Microemulsions.- 8.5 Viscosity and rheological characteristics of emulsions.- 8.6 Solute disposition in emulsion systems.- 8.7 Biopharmaceutical aspects of emulsions.- References.- 9. Surfactants in suspension systems.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Settling of suspended particles.- 9.3 Suspension stability.- 9.4 Effect of surfactants on the adsorptive capacity of suspensions.- 9.5 Rheological characteristics of suspensions.- 9.6 Crystal changes in suspensions.- 9.7 Bacterial and other cell suspensions.- References.- 10. Aspects of surfactant toxicity.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Metabolism of surfactants.- 10.3 Interactions of surfactants with membranes and membrane components.- 10.4 Toxicology of surfactants.- 10.5 Surfactants and plant systems.- References.- 11. Reactivity in surfactant systems.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Chemistry at interfaces.- 11.3 Micellar reactions.- 11.4 Stability of drugs in surfactant systems.- 11.5 Stability of surfactant systems.- 11.6 Polymerization of surface-active molecules.- 11.7 Some analytical consequences of surfactant presence.- References.
677 citations
652 citations