Effect of bone strain on cortical bone structure in macaques (Macaca mulatta)
01 Jan 1981-Journal of Morphology (Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company)-Vol. 167, Iss: 1, pp 1-12
TL;DR: Mandibular bone histology was examined to test the effects of a diets of hard food compared to a diet of soft food in two group of monkeys to determine the amount of secondary Haversian bone present.
Abstract: It has recently been shown that the consistency of food significantly affects levels of bone strain in the mandible during mastication (Hylander, '79a) Mandibular bone histology was examined to test the effects of a diet of hard food compared to a diet of soft food in two group of monkeys One group of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) was fed a diet of commercially prepared hard biscuits The second group was fed a soft diet the consistency of fudge Both diets were nutritionally adequate for normal growth and development As a control for other factors influencing cortical bone structure, fibular morphology was also examined At the end of the test period, mandibular and fibular tissue samples from the two groups were prepared to determine the amount of secondary Haversian bone present Mandibular depth at M2 and fibular anteroposterior diameter were also measured and compared between the two dietary groups
The soft-diet monkeys showed low levels of remodeling in their mandibles There were large patches of unremodeled bone and resorption spaces were common The hard-diet monkeys exhibited more extensive evidence of secondary Haversian remodeling in their mandibles The hard-diet monkeys also had deeper mandibles In contrast, the fibulae from the two groups had similar mean diameters and showed comparable levels of secondary remodeling We infer that the higher mandibular bone remodeling levels in the hard-diet monkeys represent an adaptive response to remove and replace fatigued mandibular bone due to higher stress levels associated with the ingestion and mastication of hard foods We also infer that greater depth of the mandible at M2 found in the harddiet group represents an adaptive response to higher stress levels associated with the ingestion and mastication of hard foods
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TL;DR: Data from two experiments support the hypothesis that fatigue microdamage is a significant factor in the initiation of intracortical bone remodeling.
759 citations
TL;DR: Experimental and comparative evidence suggests that cortical bone is primarily responsive to strain prior to sexual maturity, both in terms of the rate of new bone growth (modeling) as well as rates of turnover (Haversian remodeling).
Abstract: The premise that bones grow and remodel throughout life to adapt to their mechanical environment is often called Wolff's law. Wolff's law, however, is not always true, and in fact comprises a variety of different processes that are best considered separately. Here we review the molecular and physiological mechanisms by which bone senses, transduces, and responds to mechanical loads, and the effects of aging processes on the relationship (if any) between cortical bone form and mechanical function. Experimental and comparative evidence suggests that cortical bone is primarily responsive to strain prior to sexual maturity, both in terms of the rate of new bone growth (modeling) as well as rates of turnover (Haversian remodeling). Rates of modeling and Haversian remodeling, however, vary greatly at different skeletal sites. In addition, there is no simple relationship between the orientation of loads in long bone diaphyses and their cross-sectional geometry. In combination, these data caution against assuming without testing adaptationist views about form-function relationships in order to infer adult activity patterns from skeletal features such as cross-sectional geometry, cortical bones density, and musculo-skeletal stress markers. Efforts to infer function from shape in the human skeleton should be based on biomechanical and developmental models that are experimentally tested and validated.
683 citations
Cites background from "Effect of bone strain on cortical b..."
...…remodeling rates, especially in older regions of long bones that have presumably accumulated the most damage (Heřt et al., 1972; Frost, 1973; Bouvier and Hylander, 1981, 1996; Churches and Howlett, 1981; Rubin and Lanyon, 1984, 1985; Schaffler and Burr, 1988; Burr et al., 1985; Mori and…...
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TL;DR: New bone formation can be stimulated as the result of a mechanical reorganization in which total strains are lower than those which normally occur, suggesting that osteonal remodelling may not be a simple reparative process but may be one influenced by the strain situation possibly to improve the structure and physical properties of the tissue.
491 citations
TL;DR: This survey samples some adaptations of bone that may occur over both length scales, and tries to show whether short- or long-term adaptation is important, and how the degree of hollowness is adapted to the life of the animal.
430 citations
Cites background from "Effect of bone strain on cortical b..."
...Finally, in nearly all tetrapods that show remodelling, the remodelling that does take place seems usually to be more intense toward the marrow cavity than toward the subperiosteal part of the bone (Atkinson and Woodhead, 1973; Bouvier and Hylander, 1981....
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TL;DR: The data suggest that during the power stroke of mastication, the macaque symphysis is predominately sheared dorsoventrally and/or twisted about a transverse axis and bent by lateral transverse bending of the mandibular corpora.
Abstract: The primary purpose of this study was to test various hypotheses about symphyseal stress in primates. First, those patterns of symphyseal strain that would be associated with various hypothetical patterns of symphyseal stress were formulated. Then these hypothetical patterns of stress and strain were tested by comparing the formulated bone strain pattern with actual in vivo symphyseal bone strain patterns. Patterns of in vivo symphyseal bone strain were determined by bonding rosette and/or single-element strain gages to the midline of the middle and lower third of the labial aspect of the symphysis of six adult Macaca fascicularis. Following recovery from the anesthetic, bone strain was recorded during mastication, incision, and isometric biting. Symphyseal bone strain was also recorded during yawning, licking, and threat behaviors. The data suggest that during the power stroke of mastication, the macaque symphysis is predominately sheared dorsoventrally and/or twisted about a transverse axis and bent by lateral transverse bending of the mandibular corpora. During lateral transverse bending of the mandibular corpora, the labial aspect of the macaque symphysis experiences compressive bending stress, while the lingual aspect experiences tensile bending stress. During the opening stroke of mastication and during other jaw opening behaviors, the macaque symphysis is bent by medial transverse bending of the mandibular corpora. At this time the labial aspect of the symphysis experiences tensile bending stress, while its lingual aspect experiences compressive bending stress. During both the power and opening strokes of mastication, the macaque mandible is bent in the plane of its curvature, and therefore the mandible acts as a curved beam. This is important because it results in elevated levels of stress along the lingual aspect of the macaque symphysis, particularly during the power stroke of mastication. During the power stroke of incision, the local effects of the bite force are unknown; however, at this time the lower half of the macaque symphysis is both sheared dorsoventrally and bent due to twisting of the mandibular corpora about their long axes. The results of this stress analysis have implications for understanding the mechanical attributes of symphyseal structure. In order to counter dorsoventral shear, the most important symphyseal attribute is to have adequate cross-sectional area of bone in the plane of the applied stress. In contrast, both the cross-sectional area of bone and symphyseal shape is important in order to counter stress effectively during symphyseal torsion and the three symphyseal bending regimes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
364 citations
References
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TL;DR: Bone dissolution during bed rest may occur to a greater extent in weight-bearing bones than in the remainder of the skeleton, and the process appears to be reversible.
Abstract: Three healthy adult males were restricted to complete bed rest for periods of 30–36 weeks. Urinary calcium excretion was elevated throughout bed rest, averaging 61 mg./day above the base-line value of 193 mg./day. Maximum urine calcium excretion occurred during the seventh week and was 136 mg./day above the base-line value. Fecal calcium excretion was also increased during bed rest. Sweat calcium was unchanged and represented only 2 per cent of calcium output. Mean calcium balances for the three subjects during bed rest were −202, −207, and −254 mg./day. The measured calcium loss during the entire bed rest period averaged 4.2 per cent of the estimated total body calcium. Calcium balance became more normal but remained negative during the three-week period of reambulation. Phosphorus excreted in the urine and phosphorus balance patterns were similar to calcium patterns. Serum calcium and phosphorus levels did not change appreciably during bed rest, but both levels fell during reambulation. Urinary hydroxyproline and pyrophosphate were mildly elevated during bed rest and fell with reambulation. Gamma ray transmission scanning of the os calcis revealed large losses of mineral during bed rest. The decreased mass in the central portion of this bone ranged from 25 per cent to 45 per cent. Mineral reaccumulated in the central os calcis following reambulation at a rate similar to its rate of loss during bed rest. Bone dissolution during bed rest may occur to a greater extent in weight-bearing bones than in the remainder of the skeleton, and the process appears to be reversible.
491 citations
TL;DR: Parameters of bone formation and resorption were measured in rats orbited for 19.5 days aboard the Soviet Cosmos 782 biological satellite and suggest that a complete cessation of bone growth occurred.
Abstract: Parameters of bone formation and resorption were measured in rats orbited for 19.5 days aboard the Soviet Cosmos 782 biological satellite. The most striking effects were on bone formation. During flight, rats formed significantly less periosteal bone than did control rats on the ground. An arrest line at both the periosteum and the endosteum of flight animals suggest that a complete cessation of bone growth occurred. During a 26-day postflight period, the defect in bone formation was corrected. No significant changes in bone resorption were observed.
480 citations
TL;DR: Three complementary in vivo experiments using dog ulnas demonstrated that adaptive hypertrophy of long bones is provoked only by intermittent compressions and not by static compression.
445 citations
TL;DR: The histological and biochemical changes suggest an histodynamic hypothesis according to which the global lifespan of the BMU (Basic Multicellular Unit from Frost) would be increased, leading to a newsteady state: rarefied bone with a low rate of subsequent turn-over.
Abstract: The effect of immobilization on human bone was studied through a longitudinal, as well as cross-sectional, quantitative and dynamic histological analysis of 34 decalcified and undecalcified iliac crest biopsies. They were obtained at various times after the onset of immobilization in 28 patients of which 22 were suffering from post-traumatic spinal cord lesions. Trabecular bone volume, osteoid volume, trabecular osteoclastic resorption surfaces, size of the periosteocytic lacunae, thickness of iliac cortices and volume of the cell population of the marrow were measured. The histodynamic study was made by double tetracycline labeling in 19 patients. The histological data were compared with biological data from another group of 68 immobilized patients including 22 of the patients undergoing biopsy. Calcemia, phosphoremia, alkaline phosphatase, calciura, phosphaturia and hydroxyprolinuria were measured. The decrease of the trabecular bone volume averaged 33% over 25 weeks and then stabilized. Immobilization also caused an early increase in the trabecular osteoclastic resorption surfaces and later in the size of periosteocytic lacunae, an early depression of osteoblastic bone formation and a thinning of the cortices. Calciuria was high, as was hydroxyprolinuria which correlates with resorption surfaces. The histological and biochemical changes suggest an histodynamic hypothesis according to which the global lifespan of the BMU (Basic Multicellular Unit from Frost) would be increased. These changes reflect atransient, leading to a newsteady state: rarefied bone with a low rate of subsequent turn-over. They emphasize the importance of mechanical factors in the development of bone cells.
409 citations
TL;DR: The histodynamic response to long-term "non-traumatic" immobilisation was studied in young adult Beagle dogs by means of radiomorphometry and histomorphometry, the right forelimb being encased in plaster and the leftForelimb serving as a control.
Abstract: The histodynamic response to long-term "non-traumatic" immobilisation was studied in young adult Beagle dogs by means of radiomorphometry and histomorphometry, the right forelimb being encased in plaster and the left forelimb serving as a control. The dogs were killed at two, four, six, eight, twelve, sixteen, twenty, twenty-four, thirty-two and forty weeks and the third metacarpal, radius, ulna and humerus removed for analysis of the contributions of the periosteal, haversian and endosteal envelopes to the bone loss at the mid-diaphysis. The bone mass responded to long-term immobilisation in three stages. First there was a rapid initial loss of bone, reaching its maximum (some 16 per cent of original mass) at six weeks, to which all three bone envelopes, to some extent, contributed. A rapid reversal followed, the bone mass approaching the control values between eight and twelve weeks after immobilisation. A second stage of slower but longer lasting bone loss ended twenty-four to thirty-two weeks after immobilisation; the periosteal envelope was the main contributor (80 to 90 per cent of the total loss). The third stage was characterised by maintenance of the bone mass which had been reduced by some 30 to 50 per cent of original values. This pattern was qualitatively similar in all four bones but the distal bones lost more bone than the proximal bones. The extent of resorption surface and the total histologically "active" periosteal envelope increased parallel to the phases of bone loss. The linear mineralisation rate did not differ significantly between the experimental and control sides.
390 citations