Effect of Brown Rice, White Rice, and Brown Rice with Legumes on Blood Glucose and Insulin Responses in Overweight Asian Indians: A Randomized Controlled Trial
23 Apr 2014-Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics (Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 140 Huguenot Street, 3rd Floor New Rochelle, NY 10801 USA)-Vol. 16, Iss: 5, pp 317-325
TL;DR: Consumption of BR in place of WR can help reduce 24-h glucose and fasting insulin responses among overweight Asian Indians.
Abstract: Background: Improving the carbohydrate quality of the diet by replacing the common cereal staple white rice (WR) with brown rice (BR) could have beneficial effects on reducing the risk for diabetes and related complications Hence we aimed to compare the effects of BR, WR, and BR with legumes (BRL) diets on 24-h glycemic and insulinemic responses among overweight Asian Indians Subjects and Methods: Fifteen overweight (body mass index, ≥23 kg/m2) Asian Indians without diabetes who were 25–45 years old participated in a randomized crossover study Test meals (nonisocaloric, ad libitum) were identical except for the type of rice and the addition of legumes (50 g/day) and were provided for 5 consecutive days Glucose profiles were assessed using the Medtronic MiniMed (Northridge, CA) iPro™2 continuous glucose monitoring device The mean positive change from baseline glucose concentration was calculated as the daily incremental area under the curve (IAUC) on each test day for 5 days and averaged Fas
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TL;DR: Global research efforts to identify and promote intake of culturally-acceptable high-quality staple foods could be crucial in preventing diabetes.
Abstract: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes has been reaching epidemic proportions across the globe, affecting low/middle-income and developed countries. Two main contributors to this burden are the reduction in mortality from infectious conditions and concomitant negative changes in lifestyles, including diet. We aimed to depict the current state of type 2 diabetes worldwide in light of the undergoing epidemiologic and nutrition transition, and to posit that a key factor in the nutrition transition has been the shift in the type and processing of staple foods, from less processed traditional foods to highly refined and processed carbohydrate sources. We showed data from 11 countries participating in the Global Nutrition and Epidemiologic Transition Initiative, a collaborative effort across countries at various stages of the nutrition-epidemiologic transition whose mission is to reduce diabetes by improving the quality of staple foods through culturally-appropriate interventions. We depicted the epidemiologic transition using demographic and mortality data from the World Health Organization, and the nutrition transition using data from the Food and Agriculture Organization food balance sheets. Main staple foods (maize, rice, wheat, pulses, and roots) differed by country, with most countries undergoing a shift in principal contributors to energy consumption from grains in the past 50 years. Notably, rice and wheat products accounted for over half of the contribution to energy consumption from staple grains, while the trends for contribution from roots and pulses generally decreased in most countries. Global Nutrition and Epidemiologic Transition Initiative countries with pilot data have documented key barriers and motivators to increase intake of high-quality staple foods. Global research efforts to identify and promote intake of culturally-acceptable high-quality staple foods could be crucial in preventing diabetes. These efforts may be valuable in shaping future research, community interventions, and public health and nutritional policies.
109 citations
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TL;DR: A mismatch between developmentally programmed biology and the modern environment is relevant for countries like China where there has been rapid economic transformation andMultisectoral efforts to address the risks will be needed at different stages throughout the lifecourse to reduce the burden of diabetes.
Abstract: The prevalence of diabetes in China has increased substantially over recent decades, with more than 100 million people estimated to be affected by the disease presently. During this period there has been an increase in the rates of obesity and a reduction in physical activity. Many of the changes in lifestyle and diet are a result of increased economic development and urbanisation. In addition to an increasingly westernised diet, the traditional Chinese diet also plays a part, with the quantity and quality of rice intake linked to the risk of type 2 diabetes. Familial factors including inherited genetic variants are important, although differences in the genetic architecture suggest a different combination of genetic variants could be most relevant in Chinese when compared with Europeans. Recent advances have also emphasised the role of early life factors in the epidemic of diabetes and non-communicable diseases: maternal undernutrition, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes are all linked to increased risk of diabetes in offspring. A mismatch between developmentally programmed biology and the modern environment is relevant for countries like China where there has been rapid economic transformation. Multisectoral efforts to address the risks will be needed at different stages throughout the lifecourse to reduce the burden of diabetes.
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TL;DR: Trends in the prevalence of diabetes in the region are detailed and major determinants of the disease in the context of nutrition and physical activity transitions and the south Asian phenotype are addressed.
Abstract: Type 2 diabetes has rapidly developed into a major public health problem in south Asia (defined here as Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) in recent decades. During this period, major lifestyle changes associated with economic transition, industrialisation, urbanisation, and globalisation have been key determinants in the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases. A decline in nutrition quality, reduced physical activity, and increased sedentary behaviours are reflected in the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes and related risk factors in the region. The International Diabetes Federation 2017 estimates of the prevalence of diabetes in adults in the region range from 4.0% in Nepal to 8.8% in India. The prevalence of overweight ranges from 16.7% in Nepal to 26.1% in Sri Lanka, and the prevalence of obesity ranges from 2.9% in Nepal to 6.8% in Sri Lanka. An increasing proportion of children, adolescents, and women are overweight or obese, leading to a heightened risk of type 2 diabetes. Ethnic south Asians present with greater metabolic risk at lower levels of BMI compared with other ethnic groups (referred to as the south Asian phenotype), with type 2 diabetes often developing at a younger age, and with rapid progression of diabetic complications. Because of the presence of multiple risk factors and a body composition conducive to the development of type 2 diabetes, south Asians should be aggressively targeted for prevention. In this Series paper, we detail trends in the prevalence of diabetes in the region and address major determinants of the disease in the context of nutrition and physical activity transitions and the south Asian phenotype.
91 citations
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TL;DR: Members: Dr. S. R. Rao, Dr Rajeev Chawla, Dr Rakesh Sahay, Dr. Samar Banerjee, Sanjay Agarwal, Dr Sanjay Kalra,Dr.
Abstract: Members: Dr. Anuj Maheshwari, Dr. Banshi Saboo, Dr. B. M. Makkar, Dr. C. R. Anand Moses, Dr. Ch. Vasanth Kumar, Dr. J. Jayaprakashsai, Dr. Jayant Panda, Dr. K. R. Narasimha Setty, Dr. P. V. Rao, Dr. Rajeev Chawla, Dr. Rakesh Sahay, Dr. Samar Banerjee, Dr. Sanjay Agarwal, Dr. Sanjay Kalra, Dr. S. R. Aravind, Dr. Sujoy Ghosh, Dr. Sunil Gupta, Dr. S. V. Madhu, Dr. Vijay Panikar, Dr. Vijay Viswanathan
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TL;DR: In this article, a review of traditional rice-based foods and beverages has been assembled to illustrate the global interest in Indian food heritage and their functional aspects and also deals with the preparation of raw materials, traditional processing, composition, and ethno-medicinal importance of each food to encourage entrepreneurs to develop large-scale production to meet the growing market demand of functional foods.
Abstract: Fermented foods share an integral part of age-old wisdom from ancient Indian civilization. Over the generations, this pioneering practice of food fermentation has expanded and improved to preserve and fortify the available food resources, particularly to meet the hidden hunger. India, being the second largest producer of rice, has a great history of traditional rice-based fermented foods with different tastes and textures linked with cultural diversity and mostly prepared by rural women following village art techniques. Some of them have been scientifically investigated and it has been revealed that microflora in natural or starter culture plays imperative roles to bio-embolden the rice with varieties of health promoting macronutrients and micronutrients, phytochemicals, and other functional components during fermentation. In this review, some explorative information on traditional rice-based foods and beverages has been assembled to illustrate the global interest in Indian food heritage and their functional aspects. The review also deals with the preparation of raw materials, traditional processing, composition, and ethno-medicinal importance of each food to encourage entrepreneurs to develop large-scale production to meet the growing market demand of functional foods.
71 citations
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of linear models for long-term continuous-time data and compare them with generalized linear mixed effects models for estimating the covariance and the mean.
Abstract: Preface.Acknowledgments.PART I: INTRODUCTION TO LONGITUDINAL AND CLUSTERED DATA.1. Longitudinal and Clustered Data.2. Longitudinal Data: Basic Concepts.PART II: LINEAR MODELS FOR LONGITUDINAL CONTINUOUS DATA.3. Overview of Linear Models for Longitudinal Data.4. Estimation and Statistical Inference.5. Modelling the Mean: Analyzing Response Profiles.6. Modelling the Mean: Parametric Curves.7. Modelling the Covariance.8. Linear Mixed Effects Models.9. Residual Analyses and Diagnostics.PART III: GENERALIZED LINEAR MODELS FOR LONGITUDINAL DATA.10. Review of Generalized Linear Models.11. Marginal Models: Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE).12. Generalized Linear Mixed Effects Models.13. Contrasting Marginal and Mixed Effects Models.PART IV: ADVANCED TOPICS FOR LONGITUDINAL AND CLUSTERED DATA.14. Missing Data and Dropout.15. Some Aspects of the Design of Longitudinal Studies.16. Repeated Measures and Related Designs.17. Multilevel Models.Appendix A: Gentle Introduction to Vectors and Matrices.Appendix B: Properties of Expectations and Variances.Appendix C: Critical Points for a 50:50 Mixture of Chi-Squared Distributions.References.Index.
3,728 citations
"Effect of Brown Rice, White Rice, a..." refers methods in this paper
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TL;DR: This revised glycemic index table contains almost 3 times the number of foods listed in the original table and contains nearly 1300 data entries derived from published and unpublished verified sources, representing > 750 different types of foods tested with the use of standard methods.
Abstract: Reliable tables of glycemic index (GI) compiled from the scientific literature are instrumental in improving the quality of research examining the relation between GI, glycemic load, and health. The GI has proven to be a more useful nutritional concept than is the chemical classification of carbohydrate (as simple or complex, as sugars or starches, or as available or unavailable), permitting new insights into the relation between the physiologic effects of carbohydrate-rich foods and health. Several prospective observational studies have shown that the chronic consumption of a diet with a high glycemic load (GI x dietary carbohydrate content) is independently associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers. This revised table contains almost 3 times the number of foods listed in the original table (first published in this Journal in 1995) and contains nearly 1300 data entries derived from published and unpublished verified sources, representing > 750 different types of foods tested with the use of standard methods. The revised table also lists the glycemic load associated with the consumption of specified serving sizes of different foods.
2,821 citations
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TL;DR: The physiological effects of the glycemic index and the relevance of these effects in preventing and treating obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are examined.
Abstract: The glycemic index was proposed in 1981 as an alternative system for classifying carbohydrate-containing food. Since then, several hundred scientific articles and numerous popular diet books have been published on the topic. However, the clinical significance of the glycemic index remains the subject of debate. The purpose of this review is to examine the physiological effects of the glycemic index and the relevance of these effects in preventing and treating obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
1,573 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors systematically tabulate published and unpublished sources of reliable glycemic index (GI) values to improve the quality and quantity of GI data available for research and clinical practice.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE —To systematically tabulate published and unpublished sources of reliable glycemic index (GI) values. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —A literature search identified 205 articles published between 1981 and 2007. Unpublished data were also included where the data quality could be verified. The data were separated into two lists: the first representing more precise data derived from testing healthy subjects and the second primarily from individuals with impaired glucose metabolism. RESULTS —The tables, which are available in the online-only appendix, list the GI of over 2,480 individual food items. Dairy products, legumes, and fruits were found to have a low GI. Breads, breakfast cereals, and rice, including whole grain, were available in both high and low GI versions. The correlation coefficient for 20 staple foods tested in both healthy and diabetic subjects was r = 0.94 ( P CONCLUSIONS —These tables improve the quality and quantity of GI data available for research and clinical practice.
1,200 citations
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TL;DR: This article documents the high levels of overweight and obesity found across higher- and lower-income countries and the global shift of this burden toward the poor and toward urban and rural populations.
Abstract: Global energy imbalances and related obesity levels are rapidly increasing. The world is rapidly shifting from a dietary period in which the higher-income countries are dominated by patterns of degenerative diseases (whereas the lower- and middle-income countries are dominated by receding famine) to one in which the world is increasingly being dominated by degenerative diseases. This article documents the high levels of overweight and obesity found across higher- and lower-income countries and the global shift of this burden toward the poor and toward urban and rural populations. Dietary changes appear to be shifting universally toward a diet dominated by higher intakes of animal and partially hydrogenated fats and lower intakes of fiber. Activity patterns at work, at leisure, during travel, and in the home are equally shifting rapidly toward reduced energy expenditure. Large-scale decreases in food prices (eg, beef prices) have increased access to supermarkets, and the urbanization of both urban and rural areas is a key underlying factor. Limited documentation of the extent of the increased effects of the fast food and bottled soft drink industries on this nutrition shift is available, but some examples of the heterogeneity of the underlying changes are presented. The challenge to global health is clear.
1,074 citations