Effect of Calcification on Plaque Stresses and Vulnerability: A Finite Element Study.
13 Feb 2013-Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures (Taylor & Francis Group)-Vol. 20, Iss: 4, pp 309-315
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of calcification on plaque stresses and vulnerability was investigated using a histology specimen of a coronary endarterectomy plaque using finite element analysis and the biomechanical stresses calculated.
Abstract: The factors responsible for atherosclerotic plaque rupture, the initiating event in the majority of acute coronary syndromes, have received a lot of attention in recent times. However, the effect of calcification on plaque vulnerability is still a matter of considerable debate. In order to clarify the effect of calcification on plaque stresses and vulnerability, parametric “what if” studies were conducted on a histology specimen of a coronary endarterectomy plaque using finite element analysis and the biomechanical stresses calculated. It was found that the maximum principle stresses may decrease, increase, or remain unchanged depending on the location of calcification within a plaque and the lumen shape. The effect of calcification on plaque stresses in a lipid-rich plaque is a consequence of a complex interplay of a number of factors including vessel geometry, lipid distribution, and patterns and site of calcification.
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TL;DR: An overview of research efforts to date is presented, from both theoretical and experimental perspectives, to assist in addressing the challenge of developing a reliable and accurate biomechanical model of human coronary arteries.
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References
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TL;DR: Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease as discussed by the authors, and it is a major cause of death in the United States, Europe, and much of Asia, despite changes in lifestyle and use of new pharmacologic approaches to lower plasma cholesterol concentrations.
Abstract: Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease. Because high plasma concentrations of cholesterol, in particular those of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, are one of the principal risk factors for atherosclerosis,1 the process of atherogenesis has been considered by many to consist largely of the accumulation of lipids within the artery wall; however, it is much more than that. Despite changes in lifestyle and the use of new pharmacologic approaches to lower plasma cholesterol concentrations,2,3 cardiovascular disease continues to be the principal cause of death in the United States, Europe, and much of Asia.4,5 In fact, the lesions of atherosclerosis represent . . .
19,881 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Despite changes in lifestyle and the use of new pharmacologic approaches to lower plasma cholesterol concentrations, cardiovascular disease continues to be the principal cause of death in the United States, Europe, and much of Asia.
9,749 citations
"Effect of Calcification on Plaque S..." refers background in this paper
...( 1 ) Variations in the size and location of atheromatous core ( 2 , 3 ), thickness of the fibrous cap and inflammatory activity ( 2 , 4 ) are some of the crucial factors thought to affect plaque vulnerability....
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6,810 citations
"Effect of Calcification on Plaque S..." refers background in this paper
...Variations in the size and location of the atheromatous core [2, 3], thickness of the fibrous cap, and inflammatory activity [2, 4] are some of the crucial factors thought to affect plaque vulnerability....
[...]
Book•
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of non-linear elastic systems on a simple geometric model for elastic deformations is discussed, and the authors propose a planar and spatial euler introduction to nonlinear analysis.
Abstract: non linear elastic deformations iwsun non linear elastic deformations erpd non linear elastic deformations hneun non-linear elastic deformations (dover civil and non-linear elastic deformations of multi-phase fluid systems non linear elastic deformations dover civil and mechanical ogden nonlinear elastic deformations pdf wordpress non-linear, elastic researchgate chapter 6 non linear material models international journal of nonlinear mechanics nonlinear elastic deformations ogden pdfslibforme international journal of non-linear mechanics 1 rubber elasticity: basic concepts and behavior non linear elastic deformations dover civil and mechanical on a non-linear wave equation in elasticity non linear elastic deformations (pdf) by r. w. ogden (ebook) exact formulations of non-linear planar and spatial euler introduction to nonlinear analysis mit opencourseware manual for the calculation of elastic-plastic materials non linear elastic axisymmetric deformation of membranes types of analysis: linear static, linear dynamic and non fracture mechanics, damage and fatigue non linear fracture chapter 2 linear elasticity freie universität the influence of non-linear elastic systems on the a simple geometric model for elastic deformations
3,871 citations
"Effect of Calcification on Plaque S..." refers background or methods in this paper
...The material model used is based on the Ogden strain energy density function [12]....
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...It is well known that equibiaxial tension/shear is required in order to correctly determine the constitutive model and the constants therein [12]....
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TL;DR: This review will explore potential mechanisms responsible for the sudden conversion of a stable atherosclerotic plaque to an unstable and life-threatening atherothrombotic lesion—an event known as plaque fissuring, rupture, or disruption.
Abstract: Coronary atherosclerosis is by far the most frequent cause of ischemic heart disease, and plaque disruption with superimposed thrombosis is the main cause of the acute coronary syndromes of unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden death.1 2 3 4 5 Therefore, for event-free survival, the vital question is not why atherosclerosis develops but rather why, after years of indolent growth, it suddenly becomes complicated by life-threatening thrombosis. The composition and vulnerability of plaque rather than its volume or the consequent severity of stenosis produced have emerged as being the most important determinants for the development of the thrombus-mediated acute coronary syndromes; lipid-rich and soft plaques are more dangerous than collagen-rich and hard plaques because they are more unstable and rupture-prone and highly thrombogenic after disruption.6 This review will explore potential mechanisms responsible for the sudden conversion of a stable atherosclerotic plaque to an unstable and life-threatening atherothrombotic lesion—an event known as plaque fissuring, rupture, or disruption.7 8
Atherosclerosis is the result of a complex interaction between blood elements, disturbed flow, and vessel wall abnormality, involving several pathological processes: inflammation, with increased endothelial permeability, endothelial activation, and monocyte recruitment9 10 11 12 13 14 ; growth, with smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, migration, and matrix synthesis15 16 ; degeneration, with lipid accumulation17 18 ; necrosis, possibly related to the cytotoxic effect of oxidized lipid19 ; calcification/ossification, which may represent an active rather than a dystrophic process20 21 ; and thrombosis, with platelet recruitment and fibrin formation.1 22 23 Thrombotic factors may play a role early during atherogenesis, but a flow-limiting thrombus does not develop until mature plaques are present, which is why thrombosis often is classified as a complication rather than a genuine component of atherosclerosis.
### Mature Plaques: Atherosis and Sclerosis
As the name atherosclerosis implies, mature …
3,493 citations