Effect of Carbon Fibre Ratio to the Impact Properties of Hybrid Kenaf/Carbon Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Composites
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of the incorporation of untreated and treated hybrid kenaf/carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites on the impact properties were studied. And the impact strength of these composites were investigated by using scanning electron microscopic technique (SEM).
Abstract: Effects of the incorporation of untreated and treated hybrid kenaf/carbon fibre reinforced epoxy composites on the impact properties were studied. Hybrid kenaf/carbon fibres and thermoset matrices were hand-laid up and characterized in terms of its mechanical properties. The kenaf fibres were alkali treated whilst the carbon fibres were gamma radiation treated before use as reinforcement in the epoxy resin matrix. The reinforcing effects of kenaf hybridized with carbon fibre in epoxy composites were evaluated at various fibre loadings with overall fibre contents 20 wt%. Hybrid composites with different ratios of kenaf fibre : carbon fibre ; 0.9:0.1, 0.8:0.2, 0.7:0.3 and 0.6:0.4 were prepared. Impact tests of untreated and treated hybrid kenaf/carbon fibres were performed. The fractured surfaces of these composites were investigated by using scanning electron microscopic technique (SEM) to determine the interfacial bonding between the matrix and the fibre reinforcement. It was found that the treated hybrid composites increased the impact strength by 26% compared to the untreated ones.
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TL;DR: In the recent decade, the growth of the natural fiber reinforced polymer (NFRP) composite has made a considerable impact on the polymer composite research and innovation as mentioned in this paper, and this rapid growth warranted their properties over low-cost synthetic fiber composites and reduced environmental impacts.
186 citations
TL;DR: The review presented in this article provides an overview of the developments in the field of hybrid polymer composites composed of bio-based bast fibers with glass, carbon, and basalt fibers.
Abstract: Composites with reinforcements based on bast fibers such as flax, hemp and kenaf offer many advantages such as weight reduction, improved specific impact, flexural, acoustic properties, and balanced performance to cost that can be achieved by properly designing the material composition. Their position is well established, especially in the nonstructural automotive applications. However, in structural applications of composites, their mechanical property profile is not comparable to the dominant reinforcements such as glass and carbon fibers. The low mechanical properties of these composites could be improved by hybridization that involves adding high-performance fibers to the bast fiber composites that could improve the low mechanical performance of the bast fiber composites. The review presented in this article provides an overview of the developments in the field of hybrid polymer composites composed of bio-based bast fibers with glass, carbon, and basalt fibers. The focus areas are the composite manufacturing methods, the influence of hybridization on the mechanical properties, and the applications of hybrid composites.
29 citations
Cites background or methods from "Effect of Carbon Fibre Ratio to the..."
...[50] Kenaf Epoxy Sodium hydroxide treated Kenaf fibers, Gamma radiations treated carbon fibers Resin transfer and compression molding Impact analysis...
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...[50] studied the impact properties of kenaf/carbon hybrid epoxy composites....
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TL;DR: In this article , the authors review the current state of knowledge in the development of natural FRP hybrid composites, outlining their properties and enhancing them while reducing environmental impact of the product through the hybridisation approach.
12 citations
TL;DR: There has been an increasing interest among researchers on natural/synthetic hybrid fiber reinforced composites due to their extensive advantages such as enhanced mechanical properties as as mentioned in this paper, which can be seen as a form of reinforcement.
Abstract: There has been an increasing interest among researchers on natural/synthetic hybrid fiber reinforced composites due to their extensive advantages such as enhanced mechanical properties as ...
8 citations
Dissertation•
01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, the NIJ level, ballistic limit (V50), maximum energy absorption, hybrid failure mechanism, and trauma depth were estimated for the PASGT (Personal Armour System Ground Troops) shell.
Abstract: Traditionally, the helmet shell has been used to provide protection against
ballistic threats to reduce head injuries and fatalities. Owing to the high cost of
aramid fibres and the necessity for environmentally friendly alternatives, a
portion of aramid was replaced by plain woven kenaf fibre, with different
arrangements and thicknesses, without jeopardising the stringent
requirements demanded by military helmet specifications. Furthermore, novel
helmets have been produced and tested with a specific threat level (National
Institute of Justice standards, NIJ), in order to reduce the dependency on the
ballistic resistance components. Experiments were conducted with more focus
on the estimation the NIJ level, ballistic limit (V50), maximum energy
absorption, hybrid failure mechanism and trauma depth. The NIJ results
showed that the laminated hybrids with kenaf fibres passed the 4th level (IIIA)
up to four layers, using 9 mm FMJ ammunition. While laminated hybrid shell
with six kenaf layers and above passed the 3th level (II). Hybrid with 16
aramid/3 kenaf laminated composite recorded the highest V50 among other
hybrids composite, 633.7 m/s. The arrangement of fibre layers was also found
to affect the ballistic performance of the hybrid composites significantly,
placing woven kenaf alternate with aramid fabric layers provided a lower
ballistic limit velocity than placing woven kenaf together and aramid layers
separately for the same hybrid volume and thickness. The laminated
composites were subjected to physical, tensile, flexural, drop weight impact
and quasi-static penetration tests. The laminates composed of 19 layers and
were fabricated using different number and configurations of plain woven
kenaf and aramid layers reinforced Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB) film, by the hot
press technique. The experimental results demonstrated that the overall
mechanical properties of the kenaf/aramid hybrid were dependent on the
kenaf fibre content. Hybrid with 17 aramid/2 kenaf layers exhibited the best
mechanical properties compared to other hybrid composites. Generally, the
results suggested that stacking sequence, thickness and kenaf fibre content significantly influenced the mechanical and ballistic performance. It can be
concluded from the research that it is possible to reduce the amount of aramid
fibres in conventional PASGT (Personal Armour System Ground Troops) shell
by 21% by hybridizing aramid with kenaf fibre, thus providing a lower cost
alternative that is environmentally friendly.
5 citations
References
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TL;DR: The degree of mechanical reinforcement that could be obtained by the introduction of glass fibres in biofibre (pineapple leaf fibre/sisal fibre) reinforced polyester composites has been assessed experimentally as mentioned in this paper.
772 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact strength and the density of the composites showed similar trends with an increase in fibre loading, however, elongation at break and flexural modulus are found to decrease beyond 40 wt% fibre loading.
432 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a 5% alkali solution treatment for 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h at 30°C was applied to jute fibres to improve flexural strength and modulus.
Abstract: Jute fibres were subjected to a 5% alkali (NaOH) solution treatment for 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h at 30°C. An improvement in the crystallinity in the jute fibres increased its modulus by 12%, 68% and 79% after 4, 6 and 8 h of treatment respectively. The tenacity of the fibres improved by 46% after 6 and 8 h treatment and the % breaking strain was reduced by 23% after 8 h treatment. For the 35% composites with 4 h treated fibres, the flexural strength improved from 199.1 MPa to 238.9 MPa by 20%, modulus improved from 11.89 GPa to 14.69 GPa by 23% and laminar shear strength increased from 0.238 MPa to 0.2834 MPa by 19%. On plotting the different values of slopes obtained from the rates of improvement of the flexural strength and modulus, against the NaOH treatment time, two different failure modes were apparent before and after 4 h of treatment. In the first region between 0 and 4 h, fibre pull out was predominant whereas in the second region between 6 and 8 h, transverse fracture occurred with a minimum fibre pull out. This observation was well supported by the SEM investigations of the fracture surfaces.
383 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the modulus of jute fibres improved by 12, 68 and 79% after 4, 6 and 8 h of NaOH treatment, respectively, for 35% composites with 4 h-treated fibres, and laminar shear strength increased from 0.238 to 0.283 MPa by 19%.
Abstract: Jute fibres were subjected to alkali treatment with 5% NaOH solution for 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h at 30°C. The modulus of the jute fibres improved by 12, 68 and 79% after 4, 6 and 8 h of treatment, respectively. The tenacity of the fibres improved by 46% after 6 and 8 h treatment and the % breaking strain was reduced by 23% after 8 h treatment. For 35% composites with 4 h-treated fibres, the flexural strength improved from 199.1 to 238.9 MPa by 20%, modulus improved from 11.89 to 14.69 GPa by 23% and laminar shear strength increased from 0.238 to 0.283 MPa by 19%. On plotting different values of slopes obtained from the rates of improvement of flexural strength and modulus, against NaOH treatment time, two different failure modes were apparent before and after 4 h of NaOH treatment. In the first region between 0 and 4 h, fibre pull out was predominant whereas in the second region between 6 and 8 h, transverse fracture occurred with minimum fibre pull out. This observation was well supported by the SEM investigations of the fracture surfaces.
307 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two types of hybrid composite materials, consisting of alternatively laminated layers of type 1 carbon fibres and glass fibres in an epoxy resin, have been made, with the alternate layers either unbonded or bonded together.
272 citations