Effect of Different Auxins on Chromosome Behaviour of Leaf Callus Tissues of Nigella Sativa L.
TL;DR: Chromosomal abnormalities have been found to occur in maximum frequency where 2, 4-D is present in the media with kinetin.
Abstract: SUMMARYDifferent types of auxin like IAA, NAA and 2, 4-D in combination with kinetin have been used for the initiation and maintenance of tissues of Nigella sativa. Both the changes in growth pattern and cytological behaviour have been observed in all the cases. Chromosomal abnormalities have been found to occur in maximum frequency where 2, 4-D is present in the media with kinetin.
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TL;DR: A formacao de embrioes somaticos anomalos, bem como a baixa taxa de seu desenvolvimento em plântulas (" emblings" ), refletiria a ocorrencia de disturbios fisiologicos e/ou geneticos protagonizada pela presenca de 2,4-D no meio of cultura.
Abstract: A embriogenese somatica representa uma ferramenta importante para estudos basicos do desenvolvimento das plantas. Atualmente este processo e utilizado como uma tecnica com potencial para a micropropagacao de plantas em grande escala, embora ainda com aplicacao restrita a poucas especies. Entretanto, quando sao formados embrioes somaticos anomalos a aplicacao economica e inviabilizada. Em Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret, uma importante frutifera nativa, uma elevada quantidade de embrioes somaticos com fenotipos alterados (76,3%) foi encontrada ja no 40o dia de cultura na presenca de 2,4-D. Entre esses, 12,2% consistiam de embrioes fundidos, 40,4% apresentavam cotiledones concrescidos, 13% possuiam mais de dois cotiledones e 10,7% nao tinham cotiledones ou eles eram pouco desenvolvidos, incluindo os embrioes sem meristema apical caulinar. As analises histologicas mostraram que os embrioes malformados originavam-se tanto diretamente dos cotiledones, hipocotilo e radicula dos embrioes zigoticos utilizados como explantes, como indiretamente de calos formados a partir dessas estruturas. Sugere-se que a formacao de embrioes somaticos anomalos, bem como a baixa taxa de seu desenvolvimento em plântulas (" emblings" ), refletiria a ocorrencia de disturbios fisiologicos e/ou geneticos protagonizada pela presenca de 2,4-D no meio de cultura. Sao indicadas algumas abordagens experimentais alternativas visando reduzir a ocorrencia de embrioes somaticos com malformacoes.
27 citations
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TL;DR: A detailed literature survey regarding chemical composition, phytochemistry, therapeutic potential and biotechnological approaches to enhance the medicinal potential of Nigella sativa is presented.
Abstract: M edicinal and aromatic plants and their refined natural products have gained global attraction for their therapeutic potential against many human diseases . Nigella sativa is a medicinally important plant, commonly known as Black cumin or Black seed is a dicotyledon plant of the Ranunculaceae family . It is in common use for a long er time in history as preservative and spice and has also been extensively utilized by different communities around the globe. Black cumin has been an eminent component of traditional medicine systems like Unani and Tibb, Ayurveda and Siddha. Its biological activities include antidiarrheal, analgesic, antibacterial, liver tonic, diurectic , digestive agent and to treat several skin disorders. Furthermore, the therapeutic properties also include antidiabetic, anticancer, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, spasmolytic and bronchodialator. This is all because of its miraculous healing power that it has been ranked as top ranked, among evidence based herbal medicines. The literature supports that the pharmacological activities of Nigella sativa are mainly because of the essential oil and its constituents particularly thymoquinone. The current review is an attempt to present a detailed literature survey regarding chemical composition, phytochemistry, therapeutic potential and biotechnological approaches to enhance the medicinal potential of this valuable plant.
15 citations
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TL;DR: Seed morphology of 6 species of Nigella L. integrifolia Regel, was studied utilising the light and scanning electron microscope to determine the significance of testa features as taxonomic characters and an artificial key based on spermoderm features is proposed to delimit the species studied.
Abstract: Seed morphology of 6 species ofNigella L. (Ranunculaceae) viz.,N. sativa L.,N. hispanica L.,N. arvensis L.,N. orientalis L.,N. nigellastrum (L) Willk. andN. integrifolia Regel, was studied utilising the light and scanning electron microscope to determine the significance of testa features as taxonomic characters. An artificial key based on spermoderm features is proposed to delimit the species studied. The present study supports the treatment ofN. integrifolia Regel as a monotypic genusKomaroffia integrifolia (Regel) Periera.
1 citations
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30 Jun 2015
TL;DR: The well rooted plantlets were acclimatized and successfully transferred to natural condition, where 85% plantlets became rooted on half strength MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l IBA.
Abstract: Smilax wightii A.DC is an endemic medicinal plant belongs to the family smilacaceae and distributed in Kodanadu, The Nilgiri Hills, The Western Ghats, Southern India. The callus was obtained at the concentration of 1.5+0.05 mg/I TDZ with NAA. Highest number of shoots was observed in 2.0+0.04 mg/l BAP + Kn and followed by 2.0+0.04mg/l. The multiplied shoots were harvested and used for rooting on half strength MS medium containing indole-3-butyric acid and naphthalene acetic acid within 45 days. The best rooting response was achieved on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l IBA. The well rooted plantlets were acclimatized and successfully transferred to natural condition, where 85% plantlets
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References
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TL;DR: In vivo redox biosensing resolves the spatiotemporal dynamics of compartmental responses to local ROS generation and provide a basis for understanding how compartment-specific redox dynamics may operate in retrograde signaling and stress 67 acclimation in plants.
Abstract: In experiments with tobacco tissue cultured on White's modified medium (basal meditmi hi Tnhles 1 and 2) supplemenk'd with kiticthi and hidoleacctic acid, a slrikin^' fourlo (ive-told intTease iu yield was ohtaitu-d within a three to Tour week j^rowth period on addition of an aqtteotis exlrarl of tobacco leaves (Fi^'ures 1 and 2). Subse(iueutly it was found Ihiit this jnoniotiou oi' f^rowih was due mainly though nol entirely to inorj^auic rather than organic con.stitttenls in the extract. In the isolation of Rrowth factors from plant tissues and other sources inorj '̂anic salts are fre(|uently carried along with fhe organic fraclioits. When tissue cultures are used for bioassays, therefore, il is necessary lo lake into account increases in growth which may result from nutrient elements or other known constituents of the medium which may he present in the te.st materials. To minimize interference trom rontaminaitis of this type, an altempt has heen made to de\\eh)p a nieditmi with such adequate supplies of all re(iuired tnineral nutrients and cotntnott orgattic cottslitueitls that no apprecial»le change in growth rate or yield will result from the inlroduclion of additional amounts in the range ordinarily expected to be present in tnaterials to be assayed. As a point of referetice for this work some of the culture media in mc)st common current use will he cotisidered briefly. For ease of comparis4)n Iheir mineral compositions are listed in Tables 1 and 2. White's nutrient .solution, designed originally for excised root cultures, was based on Uspeuski and Uspetiskaia's medium for algae and Trelease and Trelease's micronutrieni solution. This medium also was employed successfully in the original cttltivation of callus from the tobacco Iiybrid Nicotiana gtauca x A', tanijadorffii, atitl as further modified by White in 194̂ ^ and by others it has been used for the
60,055 citations
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TL;DR: Two auxin-heterotrophic callus cultures of Crepis capillaris were studied and it has been found that new karyotypes also originate through chromosome rearrangements at the same ploidy level as the original explant.
Abstract: Two auxin-heterotrophic callus cultures of Crepis capillaris, one coming from an haploid plant and the other from a diploid one, were studied in regard to karyotypic changes for over a year. The degree of polyploidisation of the originally haploid culture was considerably higher than that of the diploid culture. The frequency of chromosome rearrangements was significantly higher in polyploidised karyotypes than in not polyploidised karyotypes and correspondingly greater in the “haploid” culture. However, the cytogenetical stability of the cultures cannot be measured only through their degree of polyploidisation: it has been found that new karyotypes also originate through chromosome rearrangements at the same ploidy level as the original explant.
165 citations
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TL;DR: Tobacco tissue cultures started from single cells disclosed that totipotentiality was not restricted to diploid cells but was possessed by and expressed with apparently equal ease by tetraploids cells, and the morphogenetically depressed situation was associated with a highly variable aneuploidy.
Abstract: A B S T R A C T Polysomatism in Nicotiana tabacum L. 'Wisconsin 38' was confirmed. Pith samples from the region of the stem 3.5-10.5 cm below the apex contained nearly equal proportions of diploid and tetraploid cells and samples obtained further down, 15.5-22.5 cm, showed predominantly tetraploid (circa 70%) and smaller proportions of diploid (9%), octaploid (16%), and aneuploid (5%) cells. Cultures of the callus from pith explants showed no evidence of diploid cells after 1 year, but did show roughly half 4n and 8n euploid and half -aneuploid cells. The callus after 6 years in vitro consisted entirely of aneuploid cells. The attainment of this predominance of aneuploid cells could account for the decline of callus growth and organ formation of tobacco tissue cultures. Tobacco tissue cultures started from single cells disclosed that totipotentiality was not restricted to diploid cells but was possessed by and expressed with apparently equal ease by tetraploid cells. The morphogenetically depressed situation was associated with a highly variable aneuploidy. With increase in somatic age the frequency of aneuploid cells increased and the level of ploidy among the aneuploid cells shifted from sub-tetraploidy to above tetraploidy.
136 citations
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TL;DR: The range of chromosome number and structure observed in established cultures strongly points to the origin of these changes during culture, and the precise distribution of chromosomes at mitotic anaphase seems the most likely point at which instability could be induced in culture.
Abstract: CULTURED cells of both animal and plant tissues are characterised by instability of chromosome number and structure1,2. Although there is evidence3 that polyploid plant cell lines may arise from endoreduplicated nuclei in the original explant, the range of chromosome number and structure observed in established cultures strongly points to the origin of these changes during culture. Since the precise distribution of chromosomes at mitotic anaphase is the essential prerequisite for chromosome number stability5, this seems the most likely point at which instability could be induced in culture. It has been shown6,7 that, in culture, animal cells of various species are characterised by the presence of multipolar mitoses, a feature which would produce daughter nuclei with aneuploid chromosome numbers. Such multipolar mitoses have been briefly noted for plant tissue cultures8,9 but their frequencies have not been quantified.
92 citations
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