Effect of foliar application of Azotobacter , Azospirillum and Beijerinckia on leaf yield and quality of mulberry ( Morus alba )
01 Mar 2000-The Journal of Agricultural Science (Cambridge University Press)-Vol. 134, Iss: 2, pp 227-234
TL;DR: Three nitrogen fixing bacteria, particularly the Azotobacter, as a foliar biofertilizer to increase mulberry leaf production resulted in improved leaf quality as indicated by their protein content and their impact on silkworm rearing and cocoon production when treated leaves were subjected to bioassay.
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted for two years (1994-96) to evaluate three nitrogen fixing bacteria (NFBs) namely Azotobacter, Azospirillum and Beijerinckia as foliar biofertilizers on mulberry (Morus spp.). Foliar application of these bacteria in their specific culture media with half of the recommended dose of N as a basal application of chemical fertilizer were compared with the recommended dose of N (300 kg/ha per year in four equal splits) but without biofertilizer. Other controls for comparison were respective culture media with half N. All the NFBs improved leaf yield over their respective controls (specific culture media). The addition of Azotobacter resulted in significantly greater yield than that given by the recommended dose of N. The Beijerinckia treatment resulted in a leaf yield equal to that from the recommended dose of N and Azospirillum reduced leaf yield in comparison to that from the recommended N treatment although the yield from Azospirillum treatment was more than that from the culture medium treatments. A combination of NFBs where Azotobacter was one of the components improved leaf yield over single NFB treatments. NFBs also resulted in improved leaf quality as indicated by their protein content and their impact on silkworm rearing and cocoon production when treated leaves were subjected to bioassay. The use of these NFBs, particularly the Azotobacter, as a foliar biofertilizer to increase mulberry leaf production has not been investigated before.
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TL;DR: The progress to date in using the rhizosphere bacteria in a variety of applications related to agricultural improvement along with their mechanism of action with special reference to plant growth-promoting traits are summarized and discussed in this review.
Abstract: Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are the rhizosphere bacteria that can enhance plant growth by a wide variety of mechanisms like phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, biological nitrogen fixation, rhizosphere engineering, production of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACC), quorum sensing (QS) signal interference and inhibition of biofilm formation, phytohormone production, exhibiting antifungal activity, production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), induction of systemic resistance, promoting beneficial plant-microbe symbioses, interference with pathogen toxin production etc. The potentiality of PGPR in agriculture is steadily increased as it offers an attractive way to replace the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and other supplements. Growth promoting substances are likely to be produced in large quantities by these rhizosphere microorganisms that influence indirectly on the overall morphology of the plants. Recent progress in our understanding on the diversity of PGPR in the rhizosphere along with their colonization ability and mechanism of action should facilitate their application as a reliable component in the management of sustainable agricultural system. The progress to date in using the rhizosphere bacteria in a variety of applications related to agricultural improvement along with their mechanism of action with special reference to plant growth-promoting traits are summarized and discussed in this review.
1,941 citations
Cites background from "Effect of foliar application of Azo..."
...…Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Beijerinckia, Burkholderia, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Flavobacterium, Microbacterium, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium and Serratia are reported as the most significant phosphate solubilizing bacteria (Sturz and Nowak 2000; Sudhakar et al. 2000; Mehnaz and Lazarovits 2006)....
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TL;DR: This review presents a critical and comprehensive documentation and analysis of the developments in agricultural, environmental, molecular, and physiological studies related to Azospirillum cells, and to Azosphere interactions with plants, based solely on information published between 1997 and 2003.
Abstract: This review presents a critical and comprehensive documentation and analysis of the developments in agricultural, environmental, molecular, and physiological studies related to Azospirillum cells, and to Azospirillum interactions with plants, based solely on information published between 1997 and 2003. It was designed as an update of previous reviews (Bashan and Levanony 1990; Bashan and Holguin 1997a), with a similar scope of interest. Apart from an update and critical analysis of the current knowledge, this review focuses on the central issues of Azospirillum research today, such as, (i) physiological and molecular studies as a general model for rhizosphere bacteria; (ii) co-inoculation with other microorganisms; (iii) hormonal studies and re-consideration of the nitrogen contribution by the bacteria under specific environmental conditions; (iv) proposed Azospirillum as a non-specific plant-growth-promoting bacterium; (v) re-introduction of the "Additive Hypothesis," which suggests involvement of multip...
938 citations
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...Inoculation reduced fungal pathogens and excelled as a treatment against bacterial blight (Sudhakar et al. 2000a, b)....
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TL;DR: Practical aspects of bacterial inoculants for contemporary agriculture and environmental restoration is critically evaluated from the point of view of their current technological status, current applications, and future use.
Abstract: Background
Inoculation of plants to enhance yield of crops and performance of other plants is a century old, proven technology for rhizobia and a newer venue for plant growth-promoting bacteria and other plant symbionts. The two main aspects dominating the success of inoculation are the effectiveness of the bacterial isolate and the proper application technology.
824 citations
Cites background from "Effect of foliar application of Azo..."
...…et al. 2010; Odee et al. 2002; Ozturk et al. 2003; Puente et al. 2004a, b, 2009a, b; Rajapaksha et al. 2011; Singh et al. 2011; Sigler et al. 2001; Sudhakar et al. 2000; Yan et al. 2003; Yu et al. 2011; Zafar et al. 2012 Liquid (culture media or water) Carboxymethyl cellulose Trichoderma spp. +…...
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TL;DR: This review proposes the “Multiple Mechanisms Theory,” based on the assumption that there is no single mechanism involved in promotion of plant growth by Azospirillum, but a combination of a few or many mechanisms in each case of inoculation.
Abstract: During the last 35 years of studies of Azospirillum–plant interaction, over 20 proposals were suggested for the mechanism of action by which Azospirillum spp., the most intensively studied plant growth-promoting bacteria, enhances plant growth. The proposals include a single phytohormone activity, multiple phytohormones, nitrogen fixation, assortments of small-sized molecules and enzymes, enhanced membrane activity, proliferation of the root system, enhanced water and mineral uptake, mobilization of minerals, mitigation of environmental stressors of plants, and direct and indirect biological control of numerous phytopathogens. By volume, the largest number of published information involves hormonal activities, nitrogen fixation, and root proliferation. After analyzing the accumulated knowledge, it was concluded that this versatile genus possesses a large array of potential mechanisms by which it can effect plant growth. Consequently, this review proposes the “Multiple Mechanisms Theory,” based on the assumption that there is no single mechanism involved in promotion of plant growth by Azospirillum, but a combination of a few or many mechanisms in each case of inoculation. These may vary according to the plant species, the Azospirillum strain, and environmental conditions when the interaction occurred. The effect can be cumulative, an “additive hypothesis” (proposed before), where the effects of small mechanisms operating at the same time or consecutively create a larger final effect on plant. Additionally, the observed effect on plant growth can be the result of a tandem or a cascade of mechanisms in which one mechanism stimulates another, yielding enhanced plant growth, such as the plausible relations among phytohormones, nitric oxide, membrane activities, and proliferation of roots. Finally, the growth promotion can also be a combination of unrelated mechanisms that operate under environmental or agricultural conditions needed by the crop at particular locations, such as mitigating stress (salt, drought, toxic compounds, adverse environment), and the need for biological control of or reducing pathogenic microflora.
656 citations
Cites background from "Effect of foliar application of Azo..."
...Inoculation reduced fungal pathogens and excelled as a treatment against bacterial blight (Sudhakar et al., 2000)....
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...…and de-Bashan (2002a), Dadon et al. (2004), Gonçalves and de Oliveira (1998), Kavitha et al. (2003), Khan and Kounsar (2000), Romero et al. (2003), Sudhakar et al. (2000) (continued ) 9 1 Table 1 (continued) Year proposed and significance with Arguments against and/ Proposal current knowledgea…...
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TL;DR: Several pieces of evidence highlight that the inoculation of plants with PGPR can have considerable effects on plant at both physiological and molecular levels, suggesting the possibility that soil biota could stimulate plants being more efficient in retrieving nutrients from soil and coping with abiotic stresses.
Abstract: Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are soil bacteria that are able to colonize rhizosphere and to enhance plant growth by means of a wide variety of mechanisms like organic matter mineralization, biological control against soil-borne pathogens, biological nitrogen fixation, and root growth promotion. A very interesting feature of PGPR is their ability of enhancing nutrient bioavailability. Several bacterial species have been characterized as P-solubilizing microorganisms while other species have been shown to increase the solubility of micronutrients, like those that produce siderophores for Fe chelation. The enhanced amount of soluble macro- and micronutrients in the close proximity of the soil-root interface has indeed a positive effect on plant nutrition. Furthermore, several pieces of evidence highlight that the inoculation of plants with PGPR can have considerable effects on plant at both physiological and molecular levels (e.g., induction of rhizosphere acidification, up- and downregulation of genes involved in ion uptake, and translocation), suggesting the possibility that soil biota could stimulate plants being more efficient in retrieving nutrients from soil and coping with abiotic stresses. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenomena, the signals involved as well as the potential applications in a sustainable agriculture approach, and the biotechnological aspects for possible rhizosphere engineering are still matters of discussion.
564 citations
Cites background from "Effect of foliar application of Azo..."
...Several bacteria belonging to the genera Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, and Serratia (Sudhakar et al. 2000; Sturz and Nowak 2000; Mehnaz and Lazarovits 2006) have been characterized as P-solubilizing microorganisms....
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References
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TL;DR: Improvements of root development, mineral uptake, and plant-water relationships by Azospirillum, and proposed mode of action of AzospIRillum on plant growth.
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Additional excerpts
...R, J. (1956)....
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Book•
31 Dec 1982
TL;DR: Biofertilizers in agriculture, BioFertilizer in agriculture , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اصاع رسانی, کδاوρزی
Abstract: Biofertilizers in agriculture , Biofertilizers in agriculture , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
146 citations
32 citations
TL;DR: Culture of two nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolated from rice and jute phyllospheres respectively were sprayed on wheat plants as substitute for nitrogenous fertilisers and there was a marked improvement in yield and growth of the plants.
Abstract: Culture of two nitrogen-fixing bacteria (REN2 and JN1) isolated from rice and jute phyllospheres respectively, were sprayed on wheat plants as substitute for nitrogenous fertilisers. There was a marked improvement in yield and growth of the plants. An average increase in yield by 70% was obtained which was very near to that obtained by fertilizer treatment.
32 citations