Effect of frequency of feeding upon food utilization by ruminants.
01 Jan 1967-Vol. 26, Iss: 2, pp 181-190
About: The article was published on 1967-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 38 citations till now.
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13 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of daily 2, 4, 8 and 12 meals of concentrates combined with 2 hay feedings per day, respectively, was tested on the apparent digestibility of crude nutrients and on N-retention.
Abstract: Zusammenfassung
Mit 4X6 Schafen wurde der Einflus der Futterungsfrequenz von 2, 4, 8 und 12 Kraft-futtergaben in 24 Stunden bei jeweils gleichbleibender Heuaufnahme von taglich zwei Gaben auf Nahrstoffverdaulichkeit und N-Umsatz gepruft. Parallel dazu wurde an zwei weiteren Schafen der Pansensaft auf pH-Wert und Konzentration an fluchtigen Fettsauren mit untersucht. Die unterschiedliche Futterungsfrequenz beeinfluste weder die scheinbare Verdaulichkeit der organischen Substanz noch die der einzelnen Rohnahrstoffe. Auch die N-Bilanzen liesen keine gesicherten Unterschiede zwischen den Behandlungen erkennen. Mit erhohter Futterungsfrequenz waren der mittlere pH-Wert und die Summe aller fluchtigen Fettsauren zwar nicht wesentlich verschieden, im Vergleich zur zweimaligen Futterung wies jedoch der tageszeitliche Verlauf von pH-Wert und fluchtigen Fettsauren bei 4, 8 und 12 Kraftfuttergaben deutlich geringere Schwankungen auf. Aus dem molaren Anteil der einzelnen Fettsauren ergab sich mit hoherer Futterungsfrequenz ein weiteres C2: C3-Verhaltnis, das bei zwei Kraftfuttergaben pro Tag 2,7: 1 und bei 4-, 8- und 12mal Futterung 3,9, 3,8 bzw. 3,3: 1 betrug.
Summary
Nutrient digestibility and N-metabolism in sheep fed concentrates with varying frequences
In an experiment with 4X6 mature wethers the influence of daily 2, 4, 8 and 12 meals of concentrates combined with 2 hay feedings per day, respectively, was tested on the apparent digestibility of crude nutrients and on N-retention. In addition the ruminal pH and concentration of volatile fatty acids were studied with 2 other sheep. The different feeding frequencies were of no effect on the digestibility of the organic matter and of the individual nutrients or on the N-balance of the animals. Increasing the feeding frequency, the average pH and the total amount of volatile fatty acids were not different, compared with 2 × feeding, however, the diurnal variations of pH and volatile fatty acids were significantly lower with the higher feeding frequencies. The molar ratio of the individal fatty acids shows that with the higher feeding frequencies of concentrates the C2: C3-ratio increased from 2.7: 1 with 2 × concentrates to 3.9, 3.8 and 3.3: 1 with 4 ×, 8 × and 12 × daily feeding, respectively.
10 citations
9 citations
TL;DR: The behavioral data indicated that both species were able to be conditioned to the scheduled meal periods by the second day of the trial, and the meal-feeding schedule with swine caused the treatment pigs to spend more time in walking activity and less time resting.
Abstract: An experiment was conducted to measure the influence of scheduled meal times on some behavior and production variables in beef cattle and swine. Ninety-six Yorkshire gilts in one experiment and 32 Hereford heifers in a second study were each housed in groups of four in pens equipped with individual electronic feedgates. The treatment (meal-fed) swine and cattle (T) had access to feed for 20 and 30 min, respectively, every 4 h. The control animals (C) had ad libitum access to feed. The meal-fed animals had to learn the initiation of a specified meal period through the use of a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule. Discriminative cues of a light and buzzer were used to facilitate the conditioning process. The behavioral data indicated that both species were able to be conditioned to the scheduled meal periods by the second day of the trial. The meal-feeding schedule with swine caused the treatment pigs to spend more (P < 0.05) time in walking activity (T = 124 min, C = 98 min) and less time resting (T = 11...
8 citations
TL;DR: Three steers with simple rumen and abomasal cannulas were given ground and pelleted diets containing predominantly dried grass meal or rolled barley and frequency of feeding had no significant effect on mean rumen pH, ammonia levels or liquid outflow rates with either diet.
Abstract: Three steers with simple rumen and abomasal cannulas were given ground and pelleted diets containing predominantly dried grass meal (DG) or rolled barley (RB). Diets were given at frequencies of two or eight feeds/d in a simple changeover design. Chromic oxide and polyethylene glycol were given as flow markers and flows (g/24 h) of organic matter (OM), nitrogenous and carbohydrate compounds were calculated. Ribonucleic acid and 35S were used as microbial markers and diaminopimelic acid (DAP) as a bacterial marker. Frequency of feeding had no significant effect on mean rumen pH, ammonia levels or liquid outflow rates with either diet. Rumen volume was decreased and abomasal digesta flow increased on Diet DG with more feeds but these parameters were unaffected with Diet RB. Increased feeding frequency with both feeds resulted in increased numbers of protozoa. There were no significant effects of feeding frequency of Diet DG on the abomasal flows of any of the nitrogenous constituents measured. However, there was a significant increase in microbial-N flow from 33 to 43 g/d with more frequent feeding of diet RB which was not reflected in bacterial-N flow as measured by DAP. The apparent digestion of OM in the rumen, expressed as g/g intake with diet DG was 0.41 and 0.31 for two feeds and eight feeds/d respectively. Corresponding values for diet RB were 0.56 and 0.63 respectively. The reduction in OM digestion with frequent feeding of diet DG was reflected in similarly reduced rumen digestibilities of all dietary carbohydrate components whereas the increase in OM digestion with diet RB was reflected only by the component sugars of the dietary fibre. The efficiencies of microbial protein synthesis (expressed as gMN/kg ADOM) increased from 36 to 46 when the feeding frequency of diet DG was increased from two to eight times/d. No significant effect of frequency of feeding was found for diet RB. Mouth to abomasum degradation of feed-N (expressed as g/g intake) of 0.64 was unaffected by the number of feeds of diet DG but was significantly increased from 0.55 to 0.82 when eight rather than two feeds/d of diet RB were given.
7 citations
References
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TL;DR: It was concluded that the rumen ciliate protozoa are essential for the metabolism and growth of young lambs.
Abstract: A survey of the components of the rumen ciliate population in a series of adult sheep, raised in the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, has shown that a mixture of Entodinium, Isotricha, Ophryoscolex, Diplodinium, and Polyplastron species was found in the rumen contents of Egyptian sheep; no Epidinium and a negligible number of Dasytricha ruminantium were also observed. The microbial population, reducing sugars, ammonia, volatile fatty acids (VFA) production, and growth rate of 14 lambs inoculated with whole rumen contents from a mature sheep were compared over a 6-month period with those of 13 lambs maintained under the same conditions, except that they were strictly isolated from other ruminants. Certain large oval organisms and large numbers of flagellates and Oscillospira were frequently observed in the rumen contents of the isolated lambs. The reducing sugars, ammonia, and VFA levels, measured before and at intervals after feeding, in the inoculated lambs showed a pronounced rise above the values found in the ciliate-free animals. The propionic acid-acetic acid ratio in the rumen contents of the faunated lambs was considerably higher than in the nonfaunated controls. The inoculated lambs grew faster than the isolated lambs. Differences in weight gain which ranged from 15 to 17% were statistically significant. The inoculated animals impressed the observers by their good appearance which was superior to that of the ciliate-free lambs. It was, therefore, concluded that the rumen ciliate protozoa are essential for the metabolism and growth of young lambs.
103 citations
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