Effect of Fucoidan on Disease Resistance of Black Tiger Shrimp
TL;DR: Oral administration of crude fucoidan (CF) extracted from Sargassum polycystum can reduce the impact of White Spot Syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in Penaeus monodon.
About: This article is published in Aquaculture.The article was published on 2004-04-26 and is currently open access. It has received 245 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Fucoidan & Penaeus monodon.
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496 citations
22 Nov 2019
TL;DR: There is considerable scope for improved efficiency in fed aquaculture and the development and optimization of alternative protein sources for aquafeeds to ensure a socially and environmentally sustainable future for the Aquaculture industry.
Abstract: Approximately 70% of the aquatic-based production of animals is fed aquaculture, whereby animals are provided with high-protein aquafeeds. Currently, aquafeeds are reliant on fish meal and fish oil sourced from wild-captured forage fish. However, increasing use of forage fish is unsustainable and, because an additional 37.4 million tons of aquafeeds will be required by 2025, alternative protein sources are needed. Beyond plant-based ingredients, fishery and aquaculture byproducts and insect meals have the greatest potential to supply the protein required by aquafeeds over the next 10–20 years. Food waste also has potential through the biotransformation and/or bioconversion of raw waste materials, whereas microbial and macroalgal biomass have limitations regarding their scalability and protein content, respectively. In this review, we describe the considerable scope for improved efficiency in fed aquaculture and discuss the development and optimization of alternative protein sources for aquafeeds to ensure a socially and environmentally sustainable future for the aquaculture industry.
369 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Several immunostimulants such as polysaccharide and micronutritional factors and their effective mechanism are reviewed and existing problems in immunostIMulant application and future research tendency are described.
Abstract: Abstrcat Immunostimulants are valuable for the prevention and control of fish diseases in aquaculture.Several immunostimulants such as polysaccharide and micronutritional factors and their effective mechanism are reviewed, meantime, existing problems in immunostimulant application and future research tendency are described.
299 citations
TL;DR: The results indicated that shrimp survival under the stress of V. harveyi was affected by the dietarySFPSE, and oral administration of SFPSE at an optimal level of 0.0% for 14 days effectively improved vibriosis resistance and enhanced immune activity of the shrimp in general.
194 citations
06 Aug 2012
TL;DR: The general conclusion is that the composition of extracts strongly depends on the raw material (geographical loca- tion of harvested algae and algal species) as well as on the extraction method.
Abstract: The paper covers the latest developments in research on the utilitarian properties of algal extracts. Their appli- cation as the components of pharmaceuticals, feeds for animals and fertilizers was discussed. The classes of various bio- logically active compounds were characterized in terms of their role and the mechanism of action in an organism of hu- man, animal and plant. Recently, many papers have been published which discuss the methods of manufacture and the composition of algal ex- tracts. The general conclusion is that the composition of extracts strongly depends on the raw material (geographical loca- tion of harvested algae and algal species) as well as on the extraction method. The biologically active compounds which are transferred from the biomass of algae to the liquid phase include polysaccharides, proteins, polyunsaturated fatty ac- ids, pigments, polyphenols, minerals, plant growth hormones and other. They have well documented beneficial effect on humans, animals and plants, mainly by protection of an organism from biotic and abiotic stress (antibacterial activity, scavenging of free radicals, host defense activity etc.) and can be valuable components of pharmaceuticals, feed additives and fertilizers.
185 citations
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01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: A collaborative team of editors and authors from around the world revised the Manual to include the latest applications of genomics and proteomics, producing an authoritative work of two volumes filled with current findings regarding infectious agents, leading-edge diagnostic methods, laboratory practices, and safety guidelines.
Abstract: The 11th edition of the Manual of Clinical Microbiology continues to set the standard for state-of-the-science laboratory practices as the most authoritative reference in the field of clinical microbiology. This new edition presents the numerous microbial taxonomic changes and newer more powerful diagnostic approaches that have been developed since publication of the 10th edition. A collaborative team of editors and authors from around the world, all experienced practitioners, researchers, or public health experts, revised the Manual to include the latest applications of genomics and proteomics, producing an authoritative work of two volumes filled with current findings regarding infectious agents, leading-edge diagnostic methods, laboratory practices, and safety guidelines.
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TL;DR: In conclusion, immunostimulants can reduce the losses caused by disease in aquaculture; however, they may not be effective against all diseases.
1,239 citations
917 citations
"Effect of Fucoidan on Disease Resis..." refers methods in this paper
...1 N HCl at 95 jC for 12 h, then the crude extracts were filtered, dialysed against water, lyophilized and analyzed for fucose content (Winzler, 1971; Doner and Whistler, 1973)....
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...…(100 g dry weight), collected at Koh Nuh of Songkhla town in Southern Thailand, was extracted three times with 0.1 N HCl at 95 jC for 12 h, then the crude extracts were filtered, dialysed against water, lyophilized and analyzed for fucose content (Winzler, 1971; Doner and Whistler, 1973)....
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...Crude fucoidan from seaweed was quantified for fucose content by the cysteine-sulfuric method (Winzler, 1971)....
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TL;DR: From studies on their mechanism of action, it is concluded that polysulfates exert their anti-HIV activity by shielding off the positively charged sites in the V3 loop of the viral envelope glycoprotein (gp120).
Abstract: The inhibitory effects of polyanionic substances on the replication of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and other viruses were reported almost four decades ago. However, these observations did not generate much interest, because the antiviral action of the compounds was considered to be largely nonspecific. Shortly after the identification of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the causative agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1984, heparin and other sulfated polysaccharides were found to be potent and selective inhibitors of HIV 1 replication in cell culture. Since 1988, the activity spectrum of the sulfated polysaccharides has been shown to extend to various enveloped viruses, including viruses that emerge as opportunistic pathogens (e.g., herpes simplex virus [HSV] and cytomegalovirus [CMV]) in immunosuppressed (e.g., AIDS) patients. As potential anti-HIV drug candidates, sulfated polysaccharides offer a number of promising features. They are able to block HIV replication in cell culture at concentrations as low as 0.1 to 0.01 mu g ml(-1) without toxicity to the host cells at concentrations up to 2.5 mg ml(-1). We noted that some polysulfates show a differential inhibitory activity against different HIV strains, suggesting that marked differences exist in the tar get molecules with which polysulfates interact, They not only inhibit the cytopathic effect of HIV, but also prevent HIV induced syncytium (giant cell) formation. Furthermore, experiments carried out with dextran sulfate samples of increasing molecular weight and with sulfated cyclodextrins of different degrees of sulfation have shown that antiviral activity increases with increasing molecular weight and degree of sulfation. A sugar backbone is not strictly needed for the anti-HIV activity of polysulfates because sulfated polymers composed of a carbon-carbon backbone have also proved to be highly efficient anti-HIV agents in vitro. Other, yet to be defined, structural features may also play an important role. Sulfated polysaccharides may act synergistically with other anti-HIV drugs (e.g., azidothymidine [AZT]). They are known to lead very slowly to virus drug resistance development and they show activity against HIV mutants that have become resistant to reverse transcriptase inhibitors, such as AZT, tetrahydro-imidazo [4,5,1-jk] [1,4] benzodiazepin 2 (1H) thione (TIBO) and others. From studies on their mechanism of action we concluded that polysulfates exert their anti-HIV activity by shielding off the positively charged sites in the V3 loop of the viral envelope glycoprotein (gp120). The V3 loop is necessary for virus attachment to cell surface heparan sulfate, a primary binding site, before more specific binding occurs to the CD4 receptor of CD4(+) cells. This general mechanism also explains the broad antiviral activity of polysulfates against enveloped viruses. Variations in the viral envelope glycoprotein region may result in differences in the susceptibility of different enveloped viruses to compounds that interact with their envelope glycoproteins. The efficacy of polysulfates in the therapy and/or prophylaxis of retroviral infections and opportunistic infections remains to be demonstrated both in animal models and humans. It is important to consider not only treatment of patients who are already infected with HIV, but also prophylaxis and protection from HIV and/or other virus infections. Because (i) sexual transmission is responsible for the large majority of HIV infections worldwide; (ii) this transmission is mostly mediated via mononuclear cells that infect epithelial cells of the genital tract; and because (iii) polysulfates effectively inhibit cell-cell adhesion, polysulfates may be considered as potentially effective in a vaginal formulation to protect against HIV infection. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.
501 citations
TL;DR: In the course of experimental infection of Penaeus monodon wlth yellow-head virus [YHV) for virus isolation and purification, 1 batch of prawns yielded hemolymph fractions dominated by a previously undescribed non-occluded baculovirus rather than YHV, placing this virus in the family Baculoviridae, subfamily NudibacULovirinae as PmNOBII.
Abstract: In the course of experimental infection of Penaeus monodon wlth yellow-head virus [YHV) for virus isolation and purification, 1 batch of prawns yielded hemolymph fractions dominated by a previously undescribed non-occluded baculovirus rather than YHV. Injection of test shrimp with a semipurified preparation of this virus gave rapid mortality, and examination with the transmission electron microscope revealed a dual infection where cells containing the new virus dominated, but some cells containing YHV could also be seen. The tissues infected by the 2 viruses were similar. However, in contrast to YHV, the new virus was assembled completely in the nucleus and in the absence of occluding protein (polyhedrin). By normal histology, the most characteristic feature of infection was eosinophilic Cowdry A-type inclusions in hypertrophied nuclei with marginated chromatin, especially in epithelial cells of the stomach. These intranuclear inclusions became lightly basophilic in late stages of infection. In the epithelial cells of the gills, ultrastructural pathology included nuclear hypertrophy and cytoplasmic disintegration leading to large voids at lysed cell sites. By negative staining, completely assembled, enveloped virions were ellipsoid to obovate with a distinctive multifibrillar appendage and they measured 276 x 121 nm (excluding the appendage). Enveloped and unenveloped nucleocapsids were significantly different In size, indicating posslble shortening and thickening of the viral core and nucleocapsid during viral assembly. Isolation and punficat~on of the nucleic acid from the new virus yielded double-stranded DNA of approximately 168 lulo base pairs. This DNA did not cross-hybridize with DNA fragments isolated from YHV-infected shrimp or from monodon baculovirus (MBV). The features placed t h ~ s virus in the family Baculoviridae, subfamily Nudibaculovirinae as PmNOBII, but for convenience we have named it informally as Systemic Ectodermal and Mesodermal Baculovirus (SEMBV).
465 citations
"Effect of Fucoidan on Disease Resis..." refers background in this paper
...For instance, White Spot Syndrome virus (WSSV) has caused mass mortal among shrimps in the aquaculture of East Asia and Southeast Asia in 1992 and later years (Takahashi et al., 1994; Wongteerasupaya et al., 1995; Wang et al., 1998; Nunan et al., 1998)....
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