Effect of graphene filler structure on electrical, thermal, mechanical, and fire retardant properties of epoxy-graphene nanocomposites - a review
04 Mar 2021-Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences (Taylor & Francis)-Vol. 46, Iss: 2, pp 152-187
TL;DR: The use of graphene materials, i.e., reduced graphene oxide, graphene nanoplatelets and their functionalized forms as fillers of epoxy composites, is reviewed in this paper.
Abstract: The use of graphene materials, i.e. graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene nanoplatelets and their functionalized forms as fillers of epoxy composites, is reviewed. The purpose of...
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive review has been made to cover recent developments in the field of carbon-based nanomaterials for sensing applications, including fullerenes, carbon onions, carbon quantum dots, nanodiamonds, carbon nanotubes, and graphene.
Abstract: Recent advances in nanomaterial design and synthesis has resulted in robust sensing systems that display superior analytical performance. The use of nanomaterials within sensors has accelerated new routes and opportunities for the detection of analytes or target molecules. Among others, carbon-based sensors have reported biocompatibility, better sensitivity, better selectivity and lower limits of detection to reveal a wide range of organic and inorganic molecules. Carbon nanomaterials are among the most extensively studied materials because of their unique properties spanning from the high specific surface area, high carrier mobility, high electrical conductivity, flexibility, and optical transparency fostering their use in sensing applications. In this paper, a comprehensive review has been made to cover recent developments in the field of carbon-based nanomaterials for sensing applications. The review describes nanomaterials like fullerenes, carbon onions, carbon quantum dots, nanodiamonds, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. Synthesis of these nanostructures has been discussed along with their functionalization methods. The recent application of all these nanomaterials in sensing applications has been highlighted for the principal applicative field and the future prospects and possibilities have been outlined.
70 citations
TL;DR: The effects of a wide variety of carbon-based material addition on reaction-to-fire of the polymer Composites are reviewed and the focus is dedicated to biochar-based reinforcements for use in flame retardant polymer composites.
Abstract: Carbon based fillers have attracted a great deal of interest in polymer composites because of their ability to beneficially alter properties at low filler concentration, good interfacial bonding with polymer, availability in different forms, etc. The property alteration of polymer composites makes them versatile for applications in various fields, such as constructions, microelectronics, biomedical, and so on. Devastations due to building fire stress the importance of flame-retardant polymer composites, since they are directly related to human life conservation and safety. Thus, in this review, the significance of carbon-based flame-retardants for polymers is introduced. The effects of a wide variety of carbon-based material addition (such as fullerene, CNTs, graphene, graphite, and so on) on reaction-to-fire of the polymer composites are reviewed and the focus is dedicated to biochar-based reinforcements for use in flame retardant polymer composites. Additionally, the most widely used flammability measuring techniques for polymeric composites are presented. Finally, the key factors and different methods that are used for property enhancement are concluded and the scope for future work is discussed.
42 citations
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: The graphene fundamentals and emergent applications is universally compatible with any devices to read and an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly.
Abstract: graphene fundamentals and emergent applications is available in our book collection an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our books collection saves in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the graphene fundamentals and emergent applications is universally compatible with any devices to read.
39 citations
18 May 2021
TL;DR: Graphene is one of the most popular 2D nano-reinforcing agents for epoxy composites as discussed by the authors, however, the challenges associated with these nanomaterials, such as dispersion issues, lack of standardization, underlying health hazards, etc., have hampered their commercialization.
Abstract: High-performance epoxy composites find application in the aerospace industry. Although epoxy is a high-performance polymer, its fracture toughness is compromised due to its highly cross-linked nature. Nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene derivatives, and inorganic 2-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are being explored to improve epoxy composites' mechanical properties. Graphene is one of the most popular 2D nano-reinforcing agents for epoxy composites. Following graphene discovery, the research community's attention was brought to various other few-atom thick 2D nanomaterials. Hence, apart from graphene, inorganic nanosheets such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), etc., are also being studied as modifiers for enhancing the mechanical performance of epoxy composites. Graphene, TMDs and hBN are known to possess a high aspect ratio, high specific surface area and inherently high mechanical strength and stiffness, contributing to a stronger and tougher composite. Despite that, the challenges associated with these nanomaterials, such as dispersion issues, lack of standardization, underlying health hazards, etc., have hampered their commercialization. It has been long past a decade since the discovery of graphene, yet there are concerns regarding the lab to industry scale-up, and health and environmental hazards associated with nanomaterials for the fabrication of aerospace composites. This review offers a comprehensive literature survey and a perspective into the possible ways of bridging the gaps between the laboratory research and industrialization of 2D nanosheet-filled epoxy composites.
32 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that the introduction of hybrid filler nanoparticles into polymer matrices enhances both the macro- and microproperties of final composites as a result of synergistic effects of individual components and the simultaneous formation of an oriented filler network in the polymer.
21 citations
References
More filters
26,456 citations
"Effect of graphene filler structure..." refers methods in this paper
...[45] Special attention is paid to the well-known methods of Brodie[46] and Hummers[47] to produce graphite oxide (GrO) from both natural and synthetic graphite....
[...]
...Special attention is paid to the well-known methods of Brodie([46]) and Hummers([47]) to produce graphite oxide (GrO) from both natural and synthetic graphite....
[...]
...The preparation of graphene and graphenic materials from anthracite with a graphite-like structure (thermally treated at 2000 C) by oxidation using the improved Hummers method followed by thermal reduction allowed anthracite-derived reduced graphene oxide comparable to those obtained from graphite to be obtained....
[...]
...[50,51] To prepare graphene oxide (GO) with well separated graphene sheets, the ultrasonic and centrifuge treatments of products from the Hummers or Brodie procedures in various solvents are usually used....
[...]
...It was found that the graphitization degree of anthracite directly affects the structure and properties of graphene materials obtained by oxidation of the anthracite precursor by the Hummers method followed by plasma-assisted deoxygenation....
[...]
TL;DR: The extremely high value of the thermal conductivity suggests that graphene can outperform carbon nanotubes in heat conduction and establishes graphene as an excellent material for thermal management.
Abstract: We report the measurement of the thermal conductivity of a suspended single-layer graphene. The room temperature values of the thermal conductivity in the range ∼(4.84 ± 0.44) × 103 to (5.30 ± 0.48) × 103 W/mK were extracted for a single-layer graphene from the dependence of the Raman G peak frequency on the excitation laser power and independently measured G peak temperature coefficient. The extremely high value of the thermal conductivity suggests that graphene can outperform carbon nanotubes in heat conduction. The superb thermal conduction property of graphene is beneficial for the proposed electronic applications and establishes graphene as an excellent material for thermal management.
11,878 citations
TL;DR: This review will be of value to synthetic chemists interested in this emerging field of materials science, as well as those investigating applications of graphene who would find a more thorough treatment of the chemistry of graphene oxide useful in understanding the scope and limitations of current approaches which utilize this material.
Abstract: The chemistry of graphene oxide is discussed in this critical review Particular emphasis is directed toward the synthesis of graphene oxide, as well as its structure Graphene oxide as a substrate for a variety of chemical transformations, including its reduction to graphene-like materials, is also discussed This review will be of value to synthetic chemists interested in this emerging field of materials science, as well as those investigating applications of graphene who would find a more thorough treatment of the chemistry of graphene oxide useful in understanding the scope and limitations of current approaches which utilize this material (91 references)
10,126 citations
"Effect of graphene filler structure..." refers background in this paper
...The presence of oxygen functionality changes the van der Waals interactions significantly and leads to an increase of GrO solubility in water and organic solvents.([50,51]) To prepare graphene oxide (GO) with well separated graphene sheets, the ultrasonic and centrifuge treatments of products from the Hummers or Brodie procedures in various solvents are usually used....
[...]
TL;DR: An improved method for the preparation of graphene oxide (GO) is described, finding that excluding the NaNO(3), increasing the amount of KMnO(4), and performing the reaction in a 9:1 mixture of H(2)SO(4)/H(3)PO(4) improves the efficiency of the oxidation process.
Abstract: An improved method for the preparation of graphene oxide (GO) is described. Currently, Hummers’ method (KMnO4, NaNO3, H2SO4) is the most common method used for preparing graphene oxide. We have found that excluding the NaNO3, increasing the amount of KMnO4, and performing the reaction in a 9:1 mixture of H2SO4/H3PO4 improves the efficiency of the oxidation process. This improved method provides a greater amount of hydrophilic oxidized graphene material as compared to Hummers’ method or Hummers’ method with additional KMnO4. Moreover, even though the GO produced by our method is more oxidized than that prepared by Hummers’ method, when both are reduced in the same chamber with hydrazine, chemically converted graphene (CCG) produced from this new method is equivalent in its electrical conductivity. In contrast to Hummers’ method, the new method does not generate toxic gas and the temperature is easily controlled. This improved synthesis of GO may be important for large-scale production of GO as well as the ...
9,812 citations
"Effect of graphene filler structure..." refers methods in this paper
...Various modifications of the Hummers method were proposed to improve effectiveness and to optimize the process of graphite oxidation.([48,49]) The surfaces of GrO sheets are highly oxygenated, including hydroxyl, epoxide, diol, quinone, carbonyl, carboxyl and other oxygen functional groups....
[...]
TL;DR: The use of colloidal suspensions to produce new materials composed of graphene and chemically modified graphene is reviewed, which is both versatile and scalable, and is adaptable to a wide variety of applications.
Abstract: Interest in graphene centres on its excellent mechanical, electrical, thermal and optical properties, its very high specific surface area, and our ability to influence these properties through chemical functionalization. There are a number of methods for generating graphene and chemically modified graphene from graphite and derivatives of graphite, each with different advantages and disadvantages. Here we review the use of colloidal suspensions to produce new materials composed of graphene and chemically modified graphene. This approach is both versatile and scalable, and is adaptable to a wide variety of applications.
6,178 citations
"Effect of graphene filler structure..." refers background or methods in this paper
...The alternative method for producing single- or few-layer graphene materials is the liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite.([45,52]) It was found that ultrasonic treatment of graphite flakes in water yielded a mixture of single- and multilayer graphene materials without defects....
[...]
...However, in such conditions, complete reduction of GO sheets seems to be difficult to realize.([52]) Reduced graphene oxide shows the C/O ratio in the range 3–10 and C sp(3) bonds content at a level of 11–20 at....
[...]