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Journal ArticleDOI

Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on yield and chlorophyll content of maize ( Zea mays L.) and sorghum Sorghum bicolour (L.) Moench)

31 Aug 2007-African Journal of Biotechnology (Academic Journals (Kenya))-Vol. 6, Iss: 16, pp 1869-1873
TL;DR: Drought tolerance measured as percentage chlorophyll stability index (CSI%) was highest under control plots in both crops and in both maize and sorghum, the lowest chlorophyLL content occurred in control plot.
Abstract: The effects of amending soil with organic (poultry manure) and inorganic fertilizer on yield and chlorophyll content of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolour (L.) Moench) was carried out at the Teaching and Research (T&R) Farm of the Obafemi Awolowo University, (O.A.U.) Ile - Ife, Nigeria. The experiment was a randomised complete block design (RCBD), laid out in a split-plot arrangement in the second cropping season of year 2001 and 2002. There were four sources of fertilizer for soil amendment: inorganic fertilizer (IF), mixture of inorganic fertilizer and poultry manure (IFPM), poultry manure (PM) and control (C) (no fertilizer or manure treatment). Each fertilizer source supplied 54 kg N plus 25 kg P2O5 and 25 kg K2O5/ha. There were significant variability and diversity observed on the two crops due to treatments. Grain yield was highest in sorghum (3.55 kg/ha) and maize (2.89 kg/ha) under IFPM followed by IF treatment for maize (2.33 kg/ha) and PM treatment for sorghum ((3.37 kg/ha). Sorghum and maize had the highest dry matter of 72.3 g/plant and 71.0 g/plant under IFPM at harvest. The effects of PM on the dry matter of sorghum (68.1 g/plant) and maize (61.7 g/plant) were not significantly different (p = 0.05) from that of IF (sorghum 66.1 g/plant, maize 58.7 g/plant). Sorghum also had the highest leaf area (LA) (2752.9 cm2/plant) and total chlorophyll content of 3.28 mg/g under PM while maize on the other hand had the highest LA (1969.5 cm2/plant) and total chlorophyll content of 2.63 mg/g under IFPM. In both maize and sorghum, the lowest chlorophyll content occurred in control plot. Drought tolerance measured as percentage chlorophyll stability index (CSI%) was highest under control plots in both crops.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a field study was conducted to explore the effects of different tillage practices and poultry manure levels on the seedling emergence, growth, development, yield, and economics of the spring planted maize during 2010 and 2011.
Abstract: Seedling emergence and seedling establishment are twoimportant phases for the good crop stand and final maize crop harvest. A fieldstudy was conducted to explore the effects of different tillage practices andpoultry manure levels on the seedling emergence, growth, development, yield,and economics of the spring planted maize during 2010 and 2011. Experimentaltreatments include four tillage treatments (zero, minimum, conventional anddeep tillage) and three poultry manure amendments (control (no manure), 5 Mg·ha-1 and 10 Mg·ha-1). Seedling emergence was linearly affected as thetillage intensity was increased. Significant relationship of tillage with leafarea index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate andtotal dry matter was recorded during the both years. Poultry manure at the rateof 10 Mg·ha-1 produced the higher leaf area index, leaf areaduration, crop growth rate, total dry matter and grain yield as compared to 5 Mg·ha-1 and control. Moreover, experimental results concluded that the deep tillagepractice has taken less time to start emergence. Similarly, higher values trendof leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate, total dry matteraccumulation and grain yield was shifted from deep tillage to conventional, minimumand zero tillage practices during both years. Economically, the minimum tillagewith poultry manure at rate of 10 Mg·ha-1 gave the better benefit tocost ratio and crop productivity as compared to conventional, deep and zerotillage. The experiment suggested the minimum tillage with poultry manure atthe rate of 10 Mg·ha-1 may ensure the maize grain yieldsustainability.

3 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the comparative effects of wood ash and NPK 15-15-15 on maize were investigated in Akure (7 15'N, 5 15'E 0 0 ) Nigeria in 2008.
Abstract: The increasingly high cost of mineral fertilizers and a preferred economic disposal of wood ash had necessitated a research in the use of wood ash to reduce the rate of fertilizer application for maize production. The comparative effects of wood ash and NPK 15-15-15 on maize were investigated in Akure (7 15’N, 5 15’E 0 0 ) Nigeria in 2008. The four treatments investigated were 4t/ha wood ash, 300 kg/ha NPK 15-15-15, 200kg/ha NPK 15-15-15 plus 2t/ha wood ash mixture and a control plot without manure while the land preparation was ploughing once and harrowing once. Downy Mildew Resistant (DMR) open pollinated maize variety was planted at 60 x 30cm in a randomized complete block experiment replicated four times and the manure applied in a ring at 10 cm from the maize plant. Pretreatment soil analysis that entailed taking soil samples before the application of manure was carried out. Two maize crops were investigated and the means of data computed for comparisons across treatments. The total leaf area per plant, leaf area index and the chlorophyll content were correlated to the grain yield. The profitable response was computed to confirm the economic viability. The chlorophyll content and the grain yield were significantly high in 200kg/ha NPK 15-15-15 + 2t/ha wood ash mixture and in 300 kg/ha NPK 15-15-15 compared to other treatments. Corresponding higher net revenues were also obtained which confirmed a mixture of wood ash and inorganic mineral fertilizers to be a suitable agronomic practice for profitable maize production.

3 citations

01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: In this article, a trial was conducted at Chitundo farm, Vanduzi, Manica province (Mozambique) to test the effect of combinations of inorganic fertilisers and composts as basal doses on drip-irrigated Thai baby corn variety SG 18 production.
Abstract: The combination of inorganic and organic fertiliser materials allows farmers to reduce fertilisation costs and enhance soil heath. A trial was conducted at Chitundo farm, Vanduzi, Manica province (Mozambique) to test the effect of combinations of inorganic fertilisers and composts as basal doses on drip-irrigated Thai baby corn variety SG 18 production. Twelve treatments were tested viz. 200 kg ha-1 of inorganic fertiliser NPK (10:30:10), 30 t ha-1 of compost, combinations of 120 kg ha-1 of NPK fertiliser with 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 t ha-1 of compost and combinations of 75 kg ha-1 of NPK fertiliser with 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 t ha-1 of compost. The trial was set up in a Completely Randomized Design with 4 replicates. Growth parameters (stem diameter at 55 days after germination and plant height at first cob setting or 60 days after germination) and yield parameters at harvest were assessed. The inorganic fertiliser NPK (10:30:10) at 200 kg ha-1 gave taller baby corn plants, although no significant difference between the twelve treatments were observed on stem diameter. The twelve basal fertiliser rates provided the same gross yields, but the basal fertiliser (200 kg ha-1 inorganic fertiliser) produced higher exportable yields due to better quality of the cobs. The results show that a significant inorganic fertiliser reduction can be achieved through compost addition without compromising baby corn yields. However, care needs to be taken to improve quality of the product. The cob development rate is much slower in compost-fertilised baby corn plants, which may result in immature cobs being harvested with lower pack out, and hence lower exportable yield.

3 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
29 Mar 2021
TL;DR: It is concluded that the application of faba bean residues, phosphorus at the rate of 120kg ha-1 either from organic or inorganic sources with the inoculation of seed with PSB improved the growth and total biomass of hybrid maize in the study area.
Abstract: Phosphorus (P) unavailability and lack of organic matter in calcareous soils in semiarid climates are the major reasons for low crop productivity. This field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Research Farm of The University of Agriculture Peshawar, during the summer of 2015 to investigate the impact of plant residues (PR) (faba bean, garlic and paper mulberry residues) and phosphorous sources [(60 and 120kg ha-1) from single super phosphate (SSP) and poultry manure (PM)] with (+) and without (-) phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on the phenological development, growth and biomass yield of hybrid maize “CS-200”. Among the PR, application of faba bean residue was found to delay phenological development (days to tasseling, silking and physiological maturity), improved growth (taller plants, higher leaf area per plant and leaf area index) and produced the highest biomass yield (faba bean>garlic>paper mulberry residues). Application of P at the rate of 120kg ha-1 from the inorganic source (SSP) was more beneficial in terms of better growth and higher biomass yield (120-SSP≥120-PM>60-SSP>60-PM kg P ha-1). The plots with (+) PSB showed enhanced phenological development, produced significantly taller plants with higher leaf area per plant and leaf area index and produced the highest biomass yield. On the basis of these results we concluded that the application of faba bean residues, phosphorus at the rate of 120kg ha-1 either from organic or inorganic sources with the inoculation of seed with PSB improved the growth and total biomass of hybrid maize in the study area.

3 citations

References
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Book
01 Jun 1980
TL;DR: Observations probability sampling from a normal distribution comparisons involving two sample means principles of experimental design analysis of variance.
Abstract: Observations probability sampling from a normal distribution comparisons involving two sample means principles of experimental design analysis of variance I - the one-way classification mutiple comparisons analysis of variance II - multiway classification linear regression linear correlation matrix notation linear regression in matrix notation multiple and partial regression and correlation analysis of variance III - factorial experiments analysis of variance analysis of covariance IV analysis of covariance analysis of variance V - unequal subclass numbers some uses of chi-square enumeration data I - one-way classifications enumeration data II - contingency tables categorical models some discrete distributions nonparametric statistics sampling finite populations.

15,571 citations


"Effect of organic and inorganic fer..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (Steel and Torrie, 1980; Gomez and Gomez, 1984)....

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Book
03 Feb 1984
TL;DR: This paper presents the results of a series of experiments conducted in farmers' fields in the Czech Republic over a period of three years to investigate the effects of agricultural pesticides on animal welfare and human health.
Abstract: Elements of Experimentation. Single-Factor Experiments. Two-Factor Experiments. Three-or More-Factor Experiments. Comparison Between Treatment Means. Analysis of Multiobservation Data. Problem Data. Analysis of Data from a Series of Experiments. Regression and Correlation Analysis. Covariance Analysis. Chi-Square Test. Soil Heterogeneity. Competition Effects. Mechanical Errors. Sampling in Experimental Plots. Experiments in Farmers' Fields. Presentation of Experimental Results. Appendices. Index.

13,377 citations


"Effect of organic and inorganic fer..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...The soil is a low base status forest soil derived from coarse-grained gneiss and granite parent rocks and is classified as an ultisol (Harpstead, 1973). The field experiments were carried out during the late cropping seasons (August – November) of years 2001 and 2002. The test crops were maize (Zea mays L. var. DMR-SR-Y) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolour (L.) Moench var. IRAT204). The maize and the sorghum seeds were obtained from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria and the National Cereals Research Institute (NCRI), Badegry, Nigeria respectively The field, which was under fallow for one year was ploughed and harrowed before laying out the plots. The plots were laid out in a split-plot design. The main plot size was 26.25 x 10.75 m while the sub-plot size was 4.5 x 4.0 m. The main plots included (1) control, (2) poultry manure (PM), (3) inorganic fertilizer (IF), and (4) mixture of poultry manure and inorganic fertilizer (IFPM). The two sub-plots consisted of the two crop types planted at 0.75 x 0.5 m to give a population of 53,333 plants per hectare. Each of the sub-plots except the control received 54 kg N/ha plus 25 kg/ha each of P2O5 and K2O5 in form of inorganic or organic fertilizer. Each experiment was replicated three times. The poultry manure which contained 0.54% N, 0.16% P and 0.09% K, was obtained from the Poultry Unit of the Obafemi Awolowo University, Teaching and Research Farm. It was applied at the rate of 5.56 t/ha in the sole PM plots in each year. Half this rate (2.78 t/ha) was mixed with inorganic fertilizer, which was equivalent to 50% of the IF, applied in the sole plot as the IFPM treatment. The N, P and K components of each of PM and IFPM were thus calculated to be equivalent to 56 kg N plus 25 kg P2O5 and 25 kg K2O5 /ha. 20:10:10 N.P.K. fertilizer supplied the same amounts of N, P and K. The treatments were incorporated manually with hoe into the 5 cm depth of soil after broadcasting. Planting of seeds was carried out 24h after incorporation of the treatments (Uhlen and Tveitnes, 1995). Weeds were controlled using a formulated mixture of Atrazine and Metalachlor (Premextra 500 FW) applied pre-emergence immediately after planting at the rate of 51.0 kg a.i./ha and later supplemented with one manual weeding. The seeds of the maize and sorghum were treated with Apron plus 50DS before planting in order to suppress insect attack and fungi transmitted diseases. Data on grain yield at harvest were obtained from plants in the net rows. Measurements of plant height (PLH), leaf area (LA) above ground dry matter (DM) and chlorophyll content (CHL.) were taken at 30 days after-planting (DAP) (time of vigorous vegetative growth); 50 DAP (time of silking in maize), and 75 DAP and the last sampling was at maturity. The leaf area (LA) was recorded using a portable leaf area meter (LI-COR, MODEL LI-2000C) Leaf samples from crops in the net rows were harvested for chlorophyll content estimation following the methods of Witham et al. (1971) and Bansal et al....

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  • ...Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (Steel and Torrie, 1980; Gomez and Gomez, 1984)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI

131 citations


"Effect of organic and inorganic fer..." refers background in this paper

  • ...According to Possingharm (1980) and Newcomb (1999) the addition of N and Mg to porphyrin rings of chlorophyll molecules caused temporary instability of the molecules....

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  • ...The higher CSI of sorghum than maize observed in this study could partly explain by the higher drought resistance tolerant of sorghum as reported by other workers (Possingharm, 1980; Newcomb, 1999)....

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Journal ArticleDOI

82 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...Kaloyereas (1958) and Sivasubramaniawn (1992) related the drought resistance of plants to the chlorophyll stability index that has been employed to determine the thermostability of chlorophyll....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented data on soil profile samples from eleven sites in Nigeria, widely distributed from the high rainfall coastal area of sedimentary parent material to the dry northern area where aeolian deposits from the Sahara Desert have been a major soil-forming factor.
Abstract: This study presents data on soil profile samples from eleven sites in Nigeria, widely distributed from the high rainfall coastal area of sedimentary parent material to the dry northern area where aeolian deposits from the Sahara Desert have been a major soil-forming factor. Weatherable minerals are generally present in the soils formed from crystalline rocks and most of these soils are classified as Alfisols. On the sedimentary rocks and on the ultrabasic crystalline rocks Oxisols have formed. On aeolian parent materials from the Sahara and on the Pleistocene sediments the soils are classified as Inceptosols.

52 citations


"Effect of organic and inorganic fer..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The soil is a low base status forest soil derived from coarse-grained gneiss and granite parent rocks and is classified as an ultisol (Harpstead, 1973)....

    [...]