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Journal Article•DOI•

Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on yield and chlorophyll content of maize ( Zea mays L.) and sorghum Sorghum bicolour (L.) Moench)

B. J. Amujoyegbe1, J. T. Opabode, Akinyemi Olayinka•
Obafemi Awolowo University1
31 Aug 2007-African Journal of Biotechnology (Academic Journals (Kenya))-Vol. 6, Iss: 16, pp 1869-1873
TL;DR: Drought tolerance measured as percentage chlorophyll stability index (CSI%) was highest under control plots in both crops and in both maize and sorghum, the lowest chlorophyLL content occurred in control plot.
Abstract: The effects of amending soil with organic (poultry manure) and inorganic fertilizer on yield and chlorophyll content of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolour (L.) Moench) was carried out at the Teaching and Research (T&R) Farm of the Obafemi Awolowo University, (O.A.U.) Ile - Ife, Nigeria. The experiment was a randomised complete block design (RCBD), laid out in a split-plot arrangement in the second cropping season of year 2001 and 2002. There were four sources of fertilizer for soil amendment: inorganic fertilizer (IF), mixture of inorganic fertilizer and poultry manure (IFPM), poultry manure (PM) and control (C) (no fertilizer or manure treatment). Each fertilizer source supplied 54 kg N plus 25 kg P2O5 and 25 kg K2O5/ha. There were significant variability and diversity observed on the two crops due to treatments. Grain yield was highest in sorghum (3.55 kg/ha) and maize (2.89 kg/ha) under IFPM followed by IF treatment for maize (2.33 kg/ha) and PM treatment for sorghum ((3.37 kg/ha). Sorghum and maize had the highest dry matter of 72.3 g/plant and 71.0 g/plant under IFPM at harvest. The effects of PM on the dry matter of sorghum (68.1 g/plant) and maize (61.7 g/plant) were not significantly different (p = 0.05) from that of IF (sorghum 66.1 g/plant, maize 58.7 g/plant). Sorghum also had the highest leaf area (LA) (2752.9 cm2/plant) and total chlorophyll content of 3.28 mg/g under PM while maize on the other hand had the highest LA (1969.5 cm2/plant) and total chlorophyll content of 2.63 mg/g under IFPM. In both maize and sorghum, the lowest chlorophyll content occurred in control plot. Drought tolerance measured as percentage chlorophyll stability index (CSI%) was highest under control plots in both crops.

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Citations
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Book Chapter•DOI•
Commercial Sector Breeding of Sorghum: Current Status and Future Prospects

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S. G. Mutalik Desai, Pushkar S. Vaidya, Pedro A. Pardo
01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: In this article, the authors broadly summarize the global sorghum markets, status, key priorities, and some developments in commercial breeding of forages and their responses to the most important abiotic stresses (drought, salinity, temperature) and biotic stress environments (shoot fly, grain mold, anthracnose, etc.).
Abstract: Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a highly productive crop plant, which can be used for alternative energy resource, human food, livestock feed, or industrial purposes. The sorghum plant has a great adaptation potential to drought, salinity, and high temperature, which are important characteristics of genotypes growing in extreme environments. However, the climate change in the twenty-first century may bring about new challenges in the cultivated areas. The importance of forages and livestock sector is being increasingly realized in recent times due to their diversified role in sustainable production, nutritional security, and export potential. The advanced molecular and system biological tools provide new opportunities for breeders to select stress-tolerant and high-yielding cultivars. In this article, we broadly summarize the global sorghum markets, status, key priorities, and some developments in commercial breeding of sorghum (grain and forages) and their responses to the most important abiotic stresses (drought, salinity, temperature) and biotic stress environments (shoot fly, grain mold, anthracnose, etc.) that the plants have to cope with during cultivation. This chapter also focuses on forages, livestock sector and some strategies required to meet the challenges so as to give some insights to researchers and farmers. The collaborative approaches and research investments in public and private sector on nutritional awareness are key in taking forward the sorghum research to the new heights.

3 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Effect Infection of Azotobacter Chroococcum, Azospirillum Brasilense, Poultry Residues in Ammonium Concentration and (Sorghum Bicolor L.)

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Hussein Ahmed Abdul Ali, Jawad Abdul Kadhim Kamal
01 Jun 2020

3 citations

Journal Article•
IMPACT OF BIOFERTILISERS ON VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND LEAF GAS-EXCHANGE OF PEPPER SEEDLINGS (Capsicum annuum L.) IN ORGANIC FARMING

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Veselka Vlahova, Vladislav Popov
01 Jan 2014-AgroLife Scientific Journal
TL;DR: The highest values of stomatal conductance were observed in the treatments, which showed also a maximum intensity of transpiration that can be attributed to the supply of nutrients in easily accessible form with the liquid biofertiliser Seasol and its good combination with basic biofERTiliser applications.
Abstract: Biofertilisers emerged as a successful alternative to mineral fertilizers in maintaining soil fertility in organic farming. The aim of the study was to examine the impact of biofertilisation on vegetative growth and indicators of leaf gasexchange (rate of net photosynthesis, intensity of transpiration, and stomatal conductance) of pepper seedlings. An experiment was carried out in 2009-2011 in a polyethylene greenhouse at the biological farm at the Agroecological Centre at the Agricultural University-Plovdiv. It included pepper variety 'Sofiiska Kapiya' and selected biofertilizers that were tested for their effectiveness, i.e. Seasol (Earthcare), applied on two basic fertilisations- Boneprot and Lumbrical. The biofertilisers’ active substances fall in the list of allowed soil fertility additives according to Regulation (EC) No. 889/2008. The results from the biometric measurements of pepper seedlings (plant height and number of leaves) showed the highest values for the variant fed with the combination of biofertiliser Seasol applied on the basic fertilisation with Boneprot (2009, 2011). The positive impact of this combined application was shown by the higher rate of net photosynthesis (2010, 2011) in comparison to the single application of the basic fertilisation with Boneprot. An overall improvement of the physiological status of the seedlings was observed. The highest value of the the intensity of the transpiration was observed for the treatment with optimum concentration of basic fertilisation with Lumbrical (2010, 2011). The stomatal conductance had a high value upon combined application of biofertiliser Seasol on the basic fertilisation with Lumbrical (2009, 2010). The highest values of stomatal conductance were observed in the treatments, which showed also a maximum intensity of transpiration that can be attributed to the supply of nutrients in easily accessible form with the liquid biofertiliser Seasol and its good combination with basic biofertiliser applications.

2 citations

Cites background from "Effect of organic and inorganic fer..."

  • ...Organic and inorganic fertilisers applied to the soil supply nutrients for crop growth and affect the plant’s physiological processes, which serve as important instruments in yield development (Amujoyegbe et al., 2007)....

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Field response of groundnut Arachis hypogaea L. inoculated with vermicompost and Arbuscular mycorrizhal fungi

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P. Thamizhiniyan, T. Devasena, P. Indira, R. Soruba, Annamalai Nagar 
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: It seems likely that the vermicompost and AM fungi provide other biological benefits to the field response of groundnut due to changes in the membrane permeability, nutrient and water uptake.
Abstract: The purpo se of this research was investigate the use of vermicompost(VC) and AMF (Arbuscular mycorrizhal fungi) species(Gloumas intraradices) on the field response of groundnut (Arachis hypogeaea L.). Field experiments were carried out at Agricultural Land, Vadakkumangudi, located within 4 km from the Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu. The studies were conducted during January 2009 to May 2009. The incorporation of vermicompost and AM fungi up to 5 tonnes ha -1 VC + AMF inoculation enhanced shoot length, root length, leaf area, fresh weight, dry weight, number of root nodules and pigment content such as chlorophyll „a‟, chlorophyll „b‟, total chlorophyll and cortinoid content when compared to control and other treatments. Some of the growth enhancement in these vermicompost to be related to the combined effects of improved porosity, aeration, water holding capacity and uptake of nitrogen by the plant resulting in increased plant growth. The AM fungi increased photosynthetic rates, altered growth regulating substances and altered patterns of the root exudation due to changes in the membrane permeability, nutrient and water uptake. Therefore, it seems likely that the vermicompost and AM fungi provide other biological

2 citations

Cites background from "Effect of organic and inorganic fer..."

  • ...The earlier reports in various crops and different biofertilizers such as sorghum (Vikram Reddy and Ohkura, 2004; Amujoyegbe et al., 2007; Ahmed et al., 2010), wheat (Abo-Ghalia and Khalafallah, 2008), kalmegh (Arpana and Bagyaraj, 2007), soybean (Maheshbabu et al., 2008), Allium sativum (Borde et…...

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Book Chapter•DOI•
Cattle Dung Manure Microbiota as a Substitute for Mineral Nutrients and Growth Management Practices in Plants

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Sandhya Dhiman, Sandeep Kumar, Nitin Baliyan, Shrivardhan Dheeman, Dinesh Kumar Maheshwari 
05 Mar 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, the application of dung/compost and microorganisms act as catalysis for farmers in developing countries to exploit microbiota for augmenting the crop productivity, and ensuring continued maintenance and building up of the soil fertility for greater sustainability.
Abstract: Minerals are ubiquitous and found in two forms “macronutrients and micronutrients” in soil. To meet out their requirements to crops. Cow dung is high in organic materials rich in nutrients and contains (3-2-1 NPK) besides rich in ammonia. On the other hand, dung and manure is the source of potentially beneficial bacteria used as a rich fertilizer and produce biogas which is eco-friendly and an alternative to fossil fuels. Cow dung has been used in various forms for centuries, like fires, for heating, cooking. Hindu rituals performed during popular festivals. A diverse group of microbes inhabiting in dung mainly bacteria has multiple roles such as plant growth promotion and protection from diseases in plants. The addition of dung corroborates nutrients, micronutrients, and organic matter availability to soil and favors growth/activity of symbiotic bacteria resulting in improved biomass. Composting for agricultural benefits is the need of today to help in the reclamation of degraded soil of wastelands. The application of dung/compost and microorganisms act as catalysis for farmers in developing countries to exploit microbiota for augmenting the crop productivity, and ensuring continued maintenance and building up of the soil fertility for greater sustainability.

2 citations

References
More filters
Book•
Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach

[...]

Robert G. D. Steel, James H. Torrie
01 Jun 1980
TL;DR: Observations probability sampling from a normal distribution comparisons involving two sample means principles of experimental design analysis of variance.
Abstract: Observations probability sampling from a normal distribution comparisons involving two sample means principles of experimental design analysis of variance I - the one-way classification mutiple comparisons analysis of variance II - multiway classification linear regression linear correlation matrix notation linear regression in matrix notation multiple and partial regression and correlation analysis of variance III - factorial experiments analysis of variance analysis of covariance IV analysis of covariance analysis of variance V - unequal subclass numbers some uses of chi-square enumeration data I - one-way classifications enumeration data II - contingency tables categorical models some discrete distributions nonparametric statistics sampling finite populations.

15,571 citations

"Effect of organic and inorganic fer..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (Steel and Torrie, 1980; Gomez and Gomez, 1984)....

    [...]

Book•
Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research

[...]

Kwanchai A. Gomez, Arturo A. Gomez
03 Feb 1984
TL;DR: This paper presents the results of a series of experiments conducted in farmers' fields in the Czech Republic over a period of three years to investigate the effects of agricultural pesticides on animal welfare and human health.
Abstract: Elements of Experimentation. Single-Factor Experiments. Two-Factor Experiments. Three-or More-Factor Experiments. Comparison Between Treatment Means. Analysis of Multiobservation Data. Problem Data. Analysis of Data from a Series of Experiments. Regression and Correlation Analysis. Covariance Analysis. Chi-Square Test. Soil Heterogeneity. Competition Effects. Mechanical Errors. Sampling in Experimental Plots. Experiments in Farmers' Fields. Presentation of Experimental Results. Appendices. Index.

13,377 citations

"Effect of organic and inorganic fer..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...The soil is a low base status forest soil derived from coarse-grained gneiss and granite parent rocks and is classified as an ultisol (Harpstead, 1973). The field experiments were carried out during the late cropping seasons (August – November) of years 2001 and 2002. The test crops were maize (Zea mays L. var. DMR-SR-Y) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolour (L.) Moench var. IRAT204). The maize and the sorghum seeds were obtained from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria and the National Cereals Research Institute (NCRI), Badegry, Nigeria respectively The field, which was under fallow for one year was ploughed and harrowed before laying out the plots. The plots were laid out in a split-plot design. The main plot size was 26.25 x 10.75 m while the sub-plot size was 4.5 x 4.0 m. The main plots included (1) control, (2) poultry manure (PM), (3) inorganic fertilizer (IF), and (4) mixture of poultry manure and inorganic fertilizer (IFPM). The two sub-plots consisted of the two crop types planted at 0.75 x 0.5 m to give a population of 53,333 plants per hectare. Each of the sub-plots except the control received 54 kg N/ha plus 25 kg/ha each of P2O5 and K2O5 in form of inorganic or organic fertilizer. Each experiment was replicated three times. The poultry manure which contained 0.54% N, 0.16% P and 0.09% K, was obtained from the Poultry Unit of the Obafemi Awolowo University, Teaching and Research Farm. It was applied at the rate of 5.56 t/ha in the sole PM plots in each year. Half this rate (2.78 t/ha) was mixed with inorganic fertilizer, which was equivalent to 50% of the IF, applied in the sole plot as the IFPM treatment. The N, P and K components of each of PM and IFPM were thus calculated to be equivalent to 56 kg N plus 25 kg P2O5 and 25 kg K2O5 /ha. 20:10:10 N.P.K. fertilizer supplied the same amounts of N, P and K. The treatments were incorporated manually with hoe into the 5 cm depth of soil after broadcasting. Planting of seeds was carried out 24h after incorporation of the treatments (Uhlen and Tveitnes, 1995). Weeds were controlled using a formulated mixture of Atrazine and Metalachlor (Premextra 500 FW) applied pre-emergence immediately after planting at the rate of 51.0 kg a.i./ha and later supplemented with one manual weeding. The seeds of the maize and sorghum were treated with Apron plus 50DS before planting in order to suppress insect attack and fungi transmitted diseases. Data on grain yield at harvest were obtained from plants in the net rows. Measurements of plant height (PLH), leaf area (LA) above ground dry matter (DM) and chlorophyll content (CHL.) were taken at 30 days after-planting (DAP) (time of vigorous vegetative growth); 50 DAP (time of silking in maize), and 75 DAP and the last sampling was at maturity. The leaf area (LA) was recorded using a portable leaf area meter (LI-COR, MODEL LI-2000C) Leaf samples from crops in the net rows were harvested for chlorophyll content estimation following the methods of Witham et al. (1971) and Bansal et al....

    [...]

  • ...Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (Steel and Torrie, 1980; Gomez and Gomez, 1984)....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Plastid replication and development in the life cycle of higher plants.

[...]

John V. Possingham
01 Jun 1980-Annual Review of Plant Biology

131 citations

"Effect of organic and inorganic fer..." refers background in this paper

  • ...According to Possingharm (1980) and Newcomb (1999) the addition of N and Mg to porphyrin rings of chlorophyll molecules caused temporary instability of the molecules....

    [...]

  • ...The higher CSI of sorghum than maize observed in this study could partly explain by the higher drought resistance tolerant of sorghum as reported by other workers (Possingharm, 1980; Newcomb, 1999)....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
A New Method of Determining Drought Resistance.

[...]

Socrates A. Kaloyereas1•
Louisiana State University1
01 May 1958-Plant Physiology

82 citations

Additional excerpts

  • ...Kaloyereas (1958) and Sivasubramaniawn (1992) related the drought resistance of plants to the chlorophyll stability index that has been employed to determine the thermostability of chlorophyll....

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Journal Article•DOI•
The Classification of Some Nigerian Soils

[...]

Milo I. Harpstead
01 Dec 1973-Soil Science
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented data on soil profile samples from eleven sites in Nigeria, widely distributed from the high rainfall coastal area of sedimentary parent material to the dry northern area where aeolian deposits from the Sahara Desert have been a major soil-forming factor.
Abstract: This study presents data on soil profile samples from eleven sites in Nigeria, widely distributed from the high rainfall coastal area of sedimentary parent material to the dry northern area where aeolian deposits from the Sahara Desert have been a major soil-forming factor. Weatherable minerals are generally present in the soils formed from crystalline rocks and most of these soils are classified as Alfisols. On the sedimentary rocks and on the ultrabasic crystalline rocks Oxisols have formed. On aeolian parent materials from the Sahara and on the Pleistocene sediments the soils are classified as Inceptosols.

52 citations

"Effect of organic and inorganic fer..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The soil is a low base status forest soil derived from coarse-grained gneiss and granite parent rocks and is classified as an ultisol (Harpstead, 1973)....

    [...]

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