Effect of Polymer-Filler and Filler-Filler Interactions on Dynamic Properties of Filled Vulcanizates
TL;DR: In the past few years, an enormous amount of work has been reported on the progress in the application of conventional fillers and the development of new products to improve the reinforcement of rubber, dynamic properties in particular as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In the past few years, an enormous amount of work has been reported on the progress in the application of conventional fillers and the development of new products to improve the reinforcement of rubber, dynamic properties in particular. While all agree that the filler as one of the main components of the filled-rubber composite, has a very important role in improving the dynamic performances of the rubber products; many new ideas, theories, practices, phenomena, and observations about how and especially why the filler alters the dynamic stress-strain response have been presented. This, of course, suggests that not only is the real world of the filled rubber complex and sophisticated but also multiple mechanisms may be involved. However, it must be admitted that the possibility exists for explaining the effect of all fillers on rubber properties ultimately in similar and relatively nonspecific terms, i.e., the phenomenon related to all filler parameters should follow a general rule or principle. I...
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TL;DR: In this article, a perspective on the experimental efforts toward the development of microwave absorbers composed of carbonaceous inclusions in a polymer matrix is presented. But the authors focus on the application for which the absorber is intended, weight reduction and optimization of the operating bandwidth are two important issues.
Abstract: Carbon (C) is a crucial material for many branches of modern technology. A growing number of demanding applications in electronics and telecommunications rely on the unique properties of C allotropes. The need for microwave absorbers and radar-absorbing materials is ever growing in military applications (reduction of radar signature of aircraft, ships, tanks, and targets) as well as in civilian applications (reduction of electromagnetic interference among components and circuits, reduction of the back-radiation of microstrip radiators). Whatever the application for which the absorber is intended, weight reduction and optimization of the operating bandwidth are two important issues. A composite absorber that uses carbonaceous particles in combination with a polymer matrix offers a large flexibility for design and properties control, as the composite can be tuned and optimized via changes in both the carbonaceous inclusions (C black, C nanotube, C fiber, graphene) and the embedding matrix (rubber, thermoplastic). This paper offers a perspective on the experimental efforts toward the development of microwave absorbers composed of carbonaceous inclusions in a polymer matrix. The absorption properties of such composites can be tailored through changes in geometry, composition, morphology, and volume fraction of the filler particles. Polymercomposites filled with carbonaceous particles provide a versatile system to probe physical properties at the nanoscale of fundamental interest and of relevance to a wide range of potential applications that span radar absorption, electromagnetic protection from natural phenomena (lightning), shielding for particle accelerators in nuclear physics, nuclear electromagnetic pulse protection, electromagnetic compatibility for electronic devices, high-intensity radiated field protection, anechoic chambers, and human exposure mitigation. Carbonaceous particles are also relevant to future applications that require environmentally benign and mechanically flexible materials.
1,026 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined elastomeric, thermoplastic, and thermoset composites loaded with a variety of nanoscale reinforcing fillers such as precipitated silica, carbon nanotubes (single and multiwalled), and layered silicates.
Abstract: Composite materials loaded with nanometer-sized reinforcing fillers are widely believed to have the potential to push polymer mechanical properties to extreme values Realization of anticipated properties, however, has proven elusive The analysis presented here traces this shortfall to the large-scale morphology of the filler as determined by small-angle X-ray scattering, light scattering, and electron imaging We examine elastomeric, thermoplastic, and thermoset composites loaded with a variety of nanoscale reinforcing fillers such as precipitated silica, carbon nanotubes (single and multiwalled), and layered silicates The conclusion is that large-scale disorder is ubiquitous in nanocomposites regardless of the level of dispersion, leading to substantial reduction of mechanical properties (modulus) compared to predictions based on idealized filler morphology
687 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the intrinsic potential of carbon nanotubes as reinforcing filler in elastomeric materials is demonstrated, despite a poor dispersion, small filler loadings improve substantially the mechanical and electrical behaviors of the soft matrix.
670 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the viscoelastic properties of (mostly carbon black) filled elastomers with emphasis on the strain-dependence of the complex dynamic modulus (Payne effect).
Abstract: The viscoelastic properties of (mostly carbon black) filled elastomers are reviewed with emphasis on the strain-dependence of the complex dynamic modulus (Payne effect) Considerable progress has been made in the past in relating the typical dynamical behavior at low strain amplitudes to a cyclic breakdown and reagglomeration of physical filler-filler bonds in typical clusters of varying size, including the infinite filler network Common features between the phenomenological agglomeration/deagglomeration Kraus approach and very recent semi-microscopical networking approaches (two aggregate VTG model, links-nodes-blobs model, kinetical cluster-cluster aggregation) are discussed All semi-microscopical models contain the assumption of geometrical arrangements of sub-units (aggregates) in particular filler network structures, resulting for example from percolation or kinetical cluster-cluster aggregation These concepts predict some features of the Payne effect that are independent of the specific types of filler These features are in good agreement with experimental studies For example, the shape exponent m of the storage modulus, G′, drop with increasing deformation is determined by the structure of the cluster network Another example is a scaling relation predicting a specific power law behavior of the elastic modulus as a function of the filler volume fraction The exponent reflects the characteristic structure of the fractal filler clusters and of the corresponding filler network The existing concepts of the filler network breakdown and reformation appear to be adequate in describing the deformation-dependence of dynamic mechanical properties of filled rubbers The different approaches suggest in a common manner that there is a change of filler structure with increasing dynamic strain However, in all cases additional assumptions are made about the accompanying energy dissipation process, imparting higher hysteresis to the filled rubber This process may be slippage of entanglements (slip-links) in the transition layer between bound rubber layer and mobile rubber phase, and/or partially release of elastically ‘dead’ immobilized rubber trapped within the filler network or agglomerates
455 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, reinforcement of natural rubber (NR) with carbon black (CB) hybrid filler at various ratios was studied in order to determine the optimum silica/CB ratio, and the results reveal that the vulcanizates containing 20 and 30 phr of silica in hybrid filler exhibit better overall mechanical properties.
445 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1961
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the nature of Viscoelastic behavior of polymeric systems and approximate relations among the linear Viscoels and approximate interrelations among the Viscelastic Functions.
Abstract: The Nature of Viscoelastic Behavior. Illustrations of Viscoelastic Behavior of Polymeric Systems. Exact Interrelations among the Viscoelastic Functions. Approximate Interrelations among the Linear Viscoelastic Functions. Experimental Methods for Viscoelastic Liquids. Experimental Methods for Soft Viscoelastic Solids and Liquids of High Viscosity. Experimental Methods for Hard Viscoelastic Solids. Experimental Methods for Bulk Measurements. Dilute Solutions: Molecular Theory and Comparisons with Experiments. Molecular Theory for Undiluted Amorphous Polymers and Concentrated Solutions Networks and Entanglements. Dependence of Viscoelastic Behavior on Temperature and Pressure. The Transition Zone from Rubberlike to Glasslike Behavior. The Plateau and Terminal Zones in Uncross-Linked Polymers. Cross-Linked Polymers and Composite Systems. The Glassy State. Crystalline Polymers. Concentrated Solutions, Plasticized Polymers, and Gels. Viscoelastic Behavior in Bulk (Volume) Deformation. Applications to Practical Problems. Appendices. Author & Subject Indexes.
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01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present characterstics and properties of Carbon Electrodes, including physical properties, chemical and surface properties, as well as properties of carbon in the context of electrochemical systems.
Abstract: Physical Properties. Chemical and Surface Properties. Chemical Reactions. Characterstics and Properties of Carbon Electrodes. Electrochemical Behavior of Carbon. Application of Carbon in Electrochemical Systems. Concluding Remarks. Appendix. Index.
1,548 citations
Book•
01 Aug 1982TL;DR: In this article, a novel organosilane coupling agent is described and its use as an adhesion promoter in mineral-filled unsaturated polymer systems is described, where the coupling agent comprises the reaction product of an isocyanatoalkyl ester of acrylic or methacrylic acid with an aminoorganosilanes.
Abstract: A novel organosilane coupling agent is disclosed and its use as an adhesion promoter in mineral-filled unsaturated polymer systems is described. Additionally, use of the organosilane as a primer for various substrates is presented. The coupling agent comprises the reaction product of an isocyanatoalkyl ester of acrylic or methacrylic acid with an aminoorganosilane. The organosilane so formed links the acryloxyalkyl or methacryloxyalkyl functionality to an alkylene, or aminoalkylene, group on the silicon atom through a urea group. Use of the organosilane as a coupling agent in a mineral-filled unsaturated polymer results in superior resistance to moisture, particularly when the polymer is selected from the group of corrosion resistant unsaturated polyesters.
1,522 citations