Effect of Rain Attenuation for a 10-Gb/s 120-GHz-Band Millimeter-Wave Wireless Link
06 Nov 2009-IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques (IEEE)-Vol. 57, Iss: 12, pp 3099-3105
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of rain attenuation on the 120-GHz band wireless link during the heavy rainy period (from July to September, 2008) and annual period(from March to December, 2008).
Abstract: We measured the effects of rain attenuation on 120-GHz band wireless link during the heavy rainy period (from July to September, 2008) and annual period (from March to December, 2008). The heavy rainy period data are used as a basis for the wireless link design, and the annual data are used to calculate the reliability of the wireless link. The 120-GHz band wireless link with V polarization was operated on a 400-m-long path from March to December 2008 in Atsugi, Japan. The rain rate distribution for Atsugi is in good agreement with the conditional M distributions. As for rain attenuation, the annual data coincide with the ITU and Laws and Parsons models. Cumulative distributions of attenuation and bit-error-rate deterioration due to rain were obtained.
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TL;DR: High data rates can only be transmitted via these links if transmitter and receiver antennas with very high gains are used, and this requires an adaptive control of mechanical fluctuations.
Abstract: Due to the broad bandwidths, terahertz (THz)-waves offer the possibility for wireless transmission of high data rates. Especially, broadband wireless access over short ranges and fixed wireless links based on THz-waves are very promising. They can be incorporated as a bridge for optical networks or an alternative for the connection of wireless stations in difficult environments, to transmit next generation HDTV signals or for the broadband connection of servers in a data center, for instance. The frequency range between 300 and 900 GHz is very promising for these applications since the possible bandwidth is very high and first electronic circuits will become available on the market soon. However, contrary to wireless links in the lower GHz-bands, the free-space path-loss is quite high and the attenuation due to molecules in the air or water droplets can significantly decrease the transmittable data rates in this frequency range. Here the basic properties of THz-waves will be investigated and the maximum achievable data rates for fixed wireless THz-links will be derived. In order to keep the considerations as general as possible, the derivations are based on simple assumptions and equations. Additionally, conclusions for the applicability of THz-waves for fixed wireless links with distances up to 1 km will be given and the special requirements for these systems will be discussed. As we will show, high data rates can only be transmitted via these links if transmitter and receiver antennas with very high gains are used. This requires an adaptive control of mechanical fluctuations.
196 citations
Cites background from "Effect of Rain Attenuation for a 10..."
...GHz have shown a very good agreement with the theory as well [29]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the maximum output power of these devices and compared the phase noise of MMW signals generated by high-speed uni-traveling carrier photodiodes (UTC-PD) and InP high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT) millimeter-wave (MMW) monolithic integrated circuits (MMICs).
Abstract: Our progress in 120-GHz-band wireless link technologies enables us to transmit 10-Gbit/s data transmission over a distance of more than 1 km The 120-GHz-band wireless link uses high-speed uni-traveling carrier photodiodes (UTC-PD) and InP high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT) millimeter-wave (MMW) monolithic integrated circuits (MMICs) for the generation of MMW signals We investigate the maximum output power of these devices and compare the phase noise of MMW signals generated by UTC-PDs and InP HEMT MMICs We describe the antennas we used and their operation technologies Finally, we investigate the dependence of transmission distance on availability using the statistical rain attenuation data The calculation results show that the 120-GHz-band wireless link can transmit 10-Gbit/s data over a distance of 1 km with availability of 99999%
136 citations
Cites methods from "Effect of Rain Attenuation for a 10..."
...We have already reported measurement results of rain attenuation on a 120-GHz band wireless link fromMarch to December, 2008 [30]....
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TL;DR: The statistics for the worst month in Malaysia is lower than what was predicted by the ITU model, and the average percentage of error calculated between the measurements and predicted results for the rain rate and rain attenuation were 143% and 159%, respectively.
Abstract: In this paper, real measurements were conducted to investigate the impact of rain on the propagation of millimeter waves at 26 GHz. The measurements were accomplished using a microwave fifth generation radio link system with 1.3 km path length implemented at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru, Malaysia. The implemented system consisted of Ericsson CN500 mini E-link, radio unit, rain gauge, and data logger. The measurements were attained and logged daily for a continuous year, with 1-min time intervals. Next, the MATLAB software was used to process and analyze the annual rain rate and rain attenuation, including for the worst month. From the analyzed results, it was found that at 0.01% percentage of time, the rain rate was 120 mm/hr; while the specific rain attenuation was 26.2 dB/km and the total rain attenuation over 1.3 km was 34 dB. In addition, the statistics acquired from the measurements for the worst month were lower than what was predicted by the international telecommunication union (ITU) model; around 51% and 34% for the rain rate and rain attenuation, respectively. The average percentage of error calculated between the measurements and predicted results for the rain rate and rain attenuation were 143% and 159%, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that the statistics for the worst month in Malaysia is lower than what was predicted by the ITU model.
98 citations
Cites background from "Effect of Rain Attenuation for a 10..."
...The signal can be absorbed, scattered, depolarized, and diffracted by raindrops [21], [25]–[29], [31], [33], [34], [39], [40], [54]–[93]; as illustrated in Figure 2....
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TL;DR: Attenuation by the presence of dust degrades the IR channel but exhibits almost no measurable impact on the THz signal, and numerical simulations of THz attenuation with different dust concentrations agree with the measured results.
Abstract: In order to study and compare propagation features of terahertz (THz) links with infrared (IR) links under different weather conditions such as turbulence, fog, and dust particles, THz and IR free space communication links at 625 GHz carrier frequency and 1.5 μm wavelength, respectively, with a maximum data rate of 2.5 Gb/s have been developed. After propagating through the same channel perturbation caused by dust, attenuation of the carrier frequencies by dust as well as scintillation effects on both channels are analyzed by measuring the power attenuation and bit error rates. Attenuation by the presence of dust degrades the IR channel but exhibits almost no measurable impact on the THz signal. Numerical simulations of THz attenuation with different dust concentrations are presented and agree with the measured results.
82 citations
Cites background from "Effect of Rain Attenuation for a 10..."
...A THz and IR communications lab setup with a maximum data rate of 2.5 Gb∕s at 625 GHz carrier frequency and 1.5 μm wavelength has been developed [14]....
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...The real index of refraction of bentonite is about 1.5 in the IR range and 1.54 at 625 GHz....
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...Yamaguchi et al. [13] show themeasurement of scintillations due towind effects on a propagating 125GHzdata signal....
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...The wavelength of THz at ∼625 GHz is approximately 320 times longer than the wavelength of 1.5 μm light....
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...been characterized at 103 GHz [10], 120 GHz [11], and 355....
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TL;DR: A lab setup for analyzing impairments of terahertz (THz) and infrared (IR) free space links caused by local refraction index changes in the signal's propagation paths that could be induced by turbulence, particles, humidity, etc.
Abstract: We describe a lab setup for analyzing impairments of terahertz (THz) and infrared (IR) free space links caused by local refraction index changes in the signal’s propagation paths that could be induced by turbulence, particles, humidity, etc. A THz signal comprising a 2.5 Gb/s data load modulated on a carrier at 625 GHz, is launched through a weather emulating chamber, detected, and its performance analyzed. An IR beam at 1.5 um wavelength carrying the same data load is superposed with the THz beam, propagating through the same weather conditions and also performance analyzed. We modulate the IR channel with a usual non-return-to-zero (NRZ) format but use duobinary coding for driving our THz source, which enables signaling at high data rate and higher output power. As both beams pass through the same channel perturbations and as their degradations are recorded simultaneously we can simultaneously compare the weather impact on both. We investigate scintillation and fog attenuation effects for the THz and IR signals by measuring bit error rates (BER), signal power, and phase front distortions.
78 citations
Cites background from "Effect of Rain Attenuation for a 10..."
...Only a few experimental reports on the degradations of THz signals in rain [10,15,16] are available....
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References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors characterized the neutral atmosphere for the frequency range from 1 to 300 GHz as a nonturbulent propagation medium and predicted attenuation and propagation delay effects from meteorological data sets: pressure, temperature, humidity, suspended particle concentration, and rain rate.
Abstract: The neutral atmosphere is characterized for the frequency range from 1 to 300 GHz as a nonturbulent propagation medium. Attenuation and propagation delay effects are predicted from meteorological data sets: pressure, temperature, humidity, suspended particle concentration, and rain rate. The physical data base of the propagation model consists of four terms: (a) resonance information for 30 water vapor and 48 oxygen absorption lines in the form of intensity coefficients and center frequency for each line; (b) a composite (oxygen, water vapor, and nitrogen) continuum spectrum; (c) a hydrosol attenuation term for haze, fog, ,and cloud conditions; and (d) a rain attenuation model. Oxygen lines extend into the mesosphere, where they behave in a complicated manner due to the Zeeman effect. The geomagnetic field strength H is required as an additional input parameter. Each 02 line splits proportionally with H into numerous, sub-lines, which are juxtaposed to form a Zeeman pattern spread over a megahertz scale. Patterns for three main polarization cases are calculated. Detailed examples for model atmospheres provide basic millimeter wave propagation information over the height range 0 to 100 km of the neutral atmosphere.
705 citations
"Effect of Rain Attenuation for a 10..." refers methods in this paper
...The relevant ITU-R recommendation [8] is advised to be used up to 50 GHz only....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the empirical relation A = aR^{b} between the specific attenuation A and the rain rate R is used in the calculation of rain attenuation statistics.
Abstract: Because of its simplicity, the empirical relation A = aR^{b} between the specific attenuation A and the rainrate R is often used in the calculation of rain attenuation statistics. Values for the frequency-dependent parameters a and b are available, however, for only a limited number of frequencies. Some of these values, furthermore, were obtained experimentally, and may contain errors due to limitations in the experimental techniques employed. The aR^{b} relation is shown to be an approximation to a more general relation, except in the low-frequency and optical limits. Because the approximation is a good one, however, a comprehensive and self-consistent set of values for a and b is presented in both tabular and graphical form for the frequency range f = 1-1000 GHz. These values were computed by applying logarithmic regression to Mie scattering calculations. The dropsize distributions of Laws and Parsons, Marshall and Palmer, and Joss et al., were employed to provide calculations applicable to "widespread" and "convective" rain. Empirical equations for some of the curves of a(f) and b(f) are presented for use in systems studies requiring calculations at many frequencies. Some comparison is also made with experimental results, and suggestions are given regarding application of the various calculations.
674 citations
"Effect of Rain Attenuation for a 10..." refers background or methods in this paper
...The relevant ITU-R recommendation [8] is advised to be used up to 50 GHz only....
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...All of the measuring equipment is time-synchronized with the time server connected via Ethernet....
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TL;DR: In this article, a 120-GHz-band mm-wave monolithic integrated circuits (MMICs) were fabricated using 0.1-mum-gate InP-HEMTs and coplanar waveguides.
Abstract: We have developed a 120-GHz-band wireless link whose maximum transmission data rate is 11.1 Gbit/s. The wireless link uses millimeter-wave monolithic integrated circuits (MMICs) for the generation of a 120-GHz-band millimeter-wave wireless signal. The MMICs were fabricated using 0.1-mum-gate InP-HEMTs and coplanar waveguides. The wireless link can handle four kinds of data rate for OC-192 and 10-Gbit Ethernet standards with and without forward error correction (FEC). We succeeded in the error-free transmission of a 10-Gbit/s signal over a distance of 800 m. The introduction of FEC into the 120-GHz-band wireless link decreased the minimum received power for error-free transmission, and improved the reliability of the link.
129 citations
"Effect of Rain Attenuation for a 10..." refers background in this paper
...The FEC improved the minimum received power for error-free transmission and the stability of wireless link in the 800-m transmission [6]....
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NEC1
TL;DR: In this article, a 1.25 Gbps 60 GHz-band full duplex wireless Gigabit Ethernet link has been developed for converting an optical fiber link to a wireless link seamlessly combining a 60 GHz band transceiver with a 1000Base-SX optical in/out module.
Abstract: A 1.25 Gbps 60 GHz-band full duplex wireless Gigabit Ethernet link has been developed. Direct ASK modulation and demodulation scheme is adopted for the 60 GHz-band transceiver. CPW MMIC's and planar filters are flip-chip mounted in TX and RX LTCC MCM's. The wireless Gigabit Ethernet link has the function of converting an optical fiber link to a wireless link seamlessly combining a 60 GHz-band transceiver with a 1000Base-SX optical in/out module. The size is 159/spl times/97/spl times/44 mm/sup 3/.
126 citations
"Effect of Rain Attenuation for a 10..." refers background in this paper
...Since 2002, several systems with a rate of over 1 Gb/s have been reported....
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10 Dec 2007
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the details of a new method for improved spectral efficiency in a multigigabit millimeter-wave communication system, and the outdoor and indoor test results of a 6Gbit/s concept demonstrator in the 81-86GHz frequency band.
Abstract: This paper describes the details of a new method for improved spectral efficiency in a multigigabit millimeter-wave communication system, and the outdoor and indoor test results of a 6-Gbit/s concept demonstrator in the 81-86-GHz frequency band. Achieved aggregate data with a 2.4-bit/s/Hz spectral efficiency was the fastest wireless transmission published thus far with a carrier-grade bit error rate over a millimeter-wave link.
118 citations
"Effect of Rain Attenuation for a 10..." refers methods in this paper
...A fixed wireless access (FWA) system has already achieved a 1.25-Gb/s data rate by using the 60-GHz band [1]....
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