Effect of sources and levels of zinc on the tissue mineral concentration and carcass quality of broilers
TL;DR: It is concluded that dietary organic zinc is more effective in increasing the skin zinc concentration, and improving skin quality of broilers than inorganic zinc.
Abstract: A study was conducted to determine the effect of sources and levels of zinc on tissue zinc concentration and the carcass quality of broilers. A total of 6,000 1-day-old unsexed broiler chicks were ...
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TL;DR: In a practical European broiler diet, the organic Availa-Zn had a higher bioavailability than inorganic zinc sulfate, as indicated by the slope ratio of the linear response curves for both zinc sources, using tibia zinc content as a response parameter.
81 citations
Cites background from "Effect of sources and levels of zin..."
...In recent years, organic zinc sources have been used increasingly due to their potentially higher zinc bioavailability (Kidd et al., 1996; Salim et al., 2010)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the ReCiPe H method was used to evaluate the environmental impact of the hydrometallurgical zinc production chain in China and the overall environmental burden was dominated by key processes, such as zinc ore mining and energy consumption.
55 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that dietary OZ supplementation at the level of 25 ppm does not affect the growth performance and skin quality of broilers but increases the Zn content in thigh meat and Ca content in plasma of broiler chickens.
Abstract: Zinc (Zn) is an essential mineral for animal development and function. A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of sex and dietary organic zinc (OZ) on growth performance, carcass traits, tissue mineral content, and blood parameters of broiler chickens. A total of 240 1-day-old male and 240 female broiler chicks (Cobb × Cobb) were assigned to two dietary levels of OZ (2 × 2 factorial) with six replicates per treatment (20 birds/replicate pen). The OZ supplementation levels were 0 and 25 ppm. Results showed that OZ supplementation did not affect the growth performance of male and female broilers, but the males showed significantly better (P < 0.05) growth performance than females did. Similarly, OZ supplementation did not affect the thickness of both the back and thigh skin of male and female broilers; however, males had thicker skin than females. Dietary OZ supplementation did not affect collagen contents in the skin and meat samples. Male broilers had higher skin collagen contents than females, but no sex difference was found in meat collagen contents. OZ supplementation did not affect the shear force values of skin and meat samples. Male broilers had higher shear force values of back skin than females, but not in the meat samples. Dietary OZ supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the thigh meat Zn content in both sexes. The plasma Ca content was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by dietary OZ supplementation; however, other blood parameters were not affected by dietary OZ supplementation. Males had higher plasma glucose and cholesterol content than females. It is concluded that dietary OZ supplementation at the level of 25 ppm does not affect the growth performance and skin quality of broiler chickens but increases the Zn content in thigh meat and Ca content in plasma of broiler chickens. Male broilers had better growth performance and skin quality than females.
55 citations
Cites background from "Effect of sources and levels of zin..."
...A previous study conducted in our laboratory [11] showed that dietary OZ supplementation increased the dermis thickness of broiler skin, but the epidermis thickness was not affected....
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...Even though the latter is more expensive than the former, the latter is more popular due to its higher bioavailability and lower manure loading [11, 21]....
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...Furthermore, it was reported that dietary Zn from organic sources was more effective in increasing tissue Zn concentration and improving skin quality of broilers than that of inorganic sources [11]....
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...The improved bioavailability of organic Zn may be responsible for improved performance, tissue mineral content [10, 25], carcass yield [26], and skin quality of broilers [11], especially in poor management and hot weather condition [27]....
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...[10, 11] also found that dietary OZ increased the collagen contents in the back skin of broilers....
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TL;DR: In this article, the effect of zinc-methionine (ZnM) on growth performance, nutrient utilization, antioxidant status and immune response in broiler chickens reared at a chicken co-op was evaluated.
Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of zinc-methionine (ZnM) on growth performance, nutrient utilization, antioxidant status and immune response in broiler chickens reared at hi...
51 citations
TL;DR: Inclusion level and source of dietary Zn had a significant influence on broiler live and processing performance in this study.
Abstract: SUMMARY In this study, the influence of complexed Zn (C-Zn) supplementation on live performance (BW, feed conversion, and mortality), skin quality (incidence of sores, scabs, and scratches; footpad dermatitis), processing yields, and meat quality of broiler chickens was assessed at 49 d of age. A total of 1,440 male broilers were assigned to 3 dietary treatments: 1) an inorganic Zn control diet (IC; 80 ppm of ZnSO4), 2) 40 ppm of ZnSO4 in the IC diet replaced with C-Zn (IC-C-Zn), and 3) an additional 40 ppm of C-Zn added on top of the IC diet (IC+C-Zn). Each treatment was provided in a 3-stage feeding program. Body weight and feed conversion were significantly (P 0.05) due to dietary treatments. Inclusion level and source of dietary Zn had a significant influence on broiler live and processing performance in this study.
45 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the effect of zinc supplementation on the physical growth and serum zinc concentrations of prepubertal children was investigated in a randomized controlled intervention trial with a total of 33 acceptable studies with appropriate data.
638 citations
TL;DR: The research results reviewed here suggest that zinc plays an important role in the maintenance of membrane structure and function and physiological pathology is manifested rapidly after dietary zinc deprivation.
619 citations
"Effect of sources and levels of zin..." refers background in this paper
...Zinc plays critical roles in the structure and function of biological membranes (Bettger and O’Dell, 1981)....
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TL;DR: These analyses are the most current regarding food sources of nutrients and, because of disaggregation of mixtures, provide a truer picture of contributions of each food group.
Abstract: Objective To identify major food sources of 30 nutrients and dietary constituents among US adults during 1994 to 1996, and to compare them with those identified for 1989 to 1991. Design A total of 6,419 foods were assigned to 112 food groups based on similarities in nutrient content or use. These foods included 3,778 food mixtures disaggregated by the US Department of Agriculture's (USDA) FoodLink computerized research tool, so ingredients could be assigned to the appropriate groups and nutrient values ascribed accordingly. Subjects/setting Single 24-hour dietary recalls from a nationally representative sample of 10,019 adults aged 19 years or older in USDA's 1994 to 1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals were used. Statistical analyses performed The population proportion formula was used to determine weighted nutrient intakes by food groups. Results were tabulated in descending rank order for food groups providing at least 1% of total nutrient intake. Results Dietary food sources found for 1994 to 1996 were fairly consistent with 1989 to 1991 results for the rank order and proportion these sources made to total nutrient intakes. Remarkable changes were seen in the higher proportion of energy from alcoholic beverages, in the shifts in the proportion of total fat and fatty acids from oil (higher ranked) and margarine (lower ranked), and in the lower proportion of vitamins and minerals from ready-to-eat cereals. Conclusions Despite changes in survey methodology, the food supply, and eating patterns, food sources of nutrients among US adults in 1994 to 1996 and 1989 to 1991 were similar. The 1994 to 1996 data are the first known national population estimates for dietary sources of vitamin A (retinol equivalents), selenium, caffeine, and theobromine among US adults.
304 citations
TL;DR: The 1994 to 1996 data are the first known national population estimates for dietary sources of vitamin A (retinol equivalents), selenium, caffeine, and theobromine among US adults.
Abstract: Objective To identify major food sources of 27 nutrients and dietary constituents for US adults. Design Single 24-hour dietary recalls were used to assess intakes. From 3,970 individual foods reported, 112 groups were created on the basis of similarities in nutrient content or use. Food mixtures were disaggregated using the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) food grouping system. Subjects/setting A nationally representative sample of adults aged 19 years or older (n=10,638) from USDA's 1989-91 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals. Analyses performed For each of 27 dietary components, the contribution of each food group to intake was obtained by summing the amount provided by the food group for all respondents and dividing by total intake from all food groups for all respondents. Results This article updates previous work and is, to the authors' knowledge, the first to provide such data for carotenes, vitamin B-12, magnesium, and copper. Beef, yeast bread, poultry, cheese, and milk were among the top 10 sources of energy, fat, and protein. The following other major sources also contributed more than 2% to energy intakes: carbohydrate: yeast bread, soft drinks/soda, cakes/cookies/quick breads/doughnuts, sugars/syrups/jams, potatoes (white), ready-to-eat cereal, and pasta; protein: pasta; and fat: margarine, salad dressings/mayonnaise, and cakes/cookies/quick breads/doughnuts. Ready-to-eat cereals, primarily because of fortification, were among the top 10 food sources for 18 of 27 nutrients. Applications/conclusions These analyses are the most current regarding food sources of nutrients and, because of disaggregation of mixtures, provide a truer picture of contributions of each food group. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998; 98:537-547.
298 citations
"Effect of sources and levels of zin..." refers background in this paper
...However, meat and meat products are also one of the main sources of dietary zinc (Subar et al., 1998)....
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TL;DR: Low nutrient-dense foods are major contributors to energy, fats, and carbohydrate in US children, which compromises intakes of more nutritious foods and may impede compliance with current dietary guidance.
Abstract: Objective. To identify major food sources of nutrients and dietary constituents for US children. Methods. Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were collected from a nationally representative sample of children age 2 to 18 years (n = 4008) from the US Department of Agriculture9s 1989–1991 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals. For each of 16 dietary constituents, the contribution of each of 113 food groups was obtained by summing the amount provided by the food group for all individuals and dividing by total intake from all food groups for all individuals. Results. Milk, yeast bread, cakes/cookies/quick breads/donuts, beef, and cheese are among the top 10 sources of energy, fat, and protein. Many of the top 10 sources of carbohydrate (yeast bread, soft drinks/sodas, milk, ready-to-eat cereal, cakes/cookies/quick breads/donuts, sugars/syrups/jams, fruit drinks, pasta, white potatoes); protein (poultry, ready-to-eat cereal, pasta); and fat (potato chips/corn chips/popcorn) also contributed >2% each to energy intakes. Ready-to-eat cereal is among the top contributors to folate, vitamin A, vitamin C, iron, and zinc intakes. Fruit drinks, containing little juice, contribute ∼14% of total vitamin C intakes. Conclusions. Fortified foods are influential contributors to many vitamins and minerals. Low nutrient-dense foods are major contributors to energy, fats, and carbohydrate. This compromises intakes of more nutritious foods and may impede compliance with current dietary guidance.
263 citations
"Effect of sources and levels of zin..." refers background in this paper
...However, meat and meat products are also one of the main sources of dietary zinc (Subar et al., 1998)....
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