Effect of temperature and composition on surface tension in Fe-Ni-Cr alloys containing sulfur
01 Aug 1991-Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B-process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science (Springer-Verlag)-Vol. 22, Iss: 4, pp 557-560
About: This article is published in Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B-process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science.The article was published on 1991-08-01. It has received 99 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Impurity & Surface tension.
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TL;DR: A review of the emerging research on additive manufacturing of metallic materials is provided in this article, which provides a comprehensive overview of the physical processes and the underlying science of metallurgical structure and properties of the deposited parts.
4,192 citations
Cites background from "Effect of temperature and compositi..."
...However, when an alloy contains a surface active element, the value of the temperature coefficient of surface tension may become positive except at very high temperatures close to the boiling point of the alloy [97,98]....
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TL;DR: In recent years, major advances have taken place in our understanding of welding processes and welded materials because of the complexity of fusion welding processes, solution of many important contemporary problems in fusion welding requires an interdisciplinary approach as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In recent years, major advances have taken place in our understanding of welding processes and welded materials Because of the complexity of fusion welding processes, solution of many important contemporary problems in fusion welding requires an interdisciplinary approach Current problems and issues in fusion welding are reviewed Solution of these problems, apart from being a contribution to the advancement of science, is also necessary for science-based tailoring of composition, structure, and properties of the welded materials
454 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of recent papers which have led to the capability of the prediction of weld depths for gas tungsten arc welding, for any given arc current, electrode shape or separation and welding gas, is given.
Abstract: This paper gives a review of recent papers which have led to the capability of the prediction of weld depths for gas tungsten arc welding, for any given arc current, electrode shape or separation and welding gas. The methodology is given for deriving plasma composition as a function of temperature and pressure from basic atomic and molecular properties. Transport coefficients of density, specific heat, enthalpy, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, viscosity and radiation emission coefficients can then be derived as a function of temperature. The conservation equations of fluid dynamics are then used to derive weld profiles for stainless steel for welding gases such as argon, helium, carbon dioxide and a 10% mixture of hydrogen in argon. The markedly different weld depths which are obtained are related to basic material functions such as specific heat, electrical and thermal conductivity. The temperature dependence of the surface tension coefficient has a marked effect on weld depth and profiles because it can influence the direction of circulatory flow in the weld pool. Electric arcs in helium and carbon dioxide are more constricted than arcs in argon and as a consequence the magnetic pinch pressure of the arc, transmitted to the weld pool, can force strong downward flows in the weld pool and thus lead to a deep weld. It is found that because of the interactions of the arc and the weld pool through effects such as viscous drag forces of the plasma on the weld pool, it is necessary to treat the arc, the electrode and the weld pool in a unified system.
231 citations
TL;DR: The promise of science-based tailoring of composition, structure, and properties of the weldments may be fulfilled with the development of new methodologies at the crossroad of basic and applied sciences, but this will require resolution of several contemporary issues and problems concerning the structure and properties.
Abstract: Losses of life and property due to catastrophic failure of structures are often traced to defective welds. However, major advances have taken place in welding science and technology in the last few decades. With the development of new methodologies at the crossroad of basic and applied sciences, the promise of science-based tailoring of composition, structure, and properties of the weldments may be fulfilled. This will require resolution of several contemporary issues and problems concerning the structure and properties of the weldments as well as intelligent control and automation of the welding processes.
213 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a three-dimensional heat transfer model is developed to simulate the cladding process that include the different physical phenomena such as heat transfer, phase changes, addition of powder particles and fluid flow due to Marangoni-Rayleigh-Benard convection.
113 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1973
TL;DR: A complete revision of the work, Selected Values of Thermodynamic Properties of Metals and Alloys, by Hultgren, Orr, Anderson, and Kelley, published in 1963 by John Wiley and Sons, New York, is presented in this paper.
Abstract: : This volume, together with its companion, Selected Values of Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements, represents a complete revision of the work, Selected Values of Thermodynamic Properties of Metals and Alloys, by Hultgren, Orr, Anderson, and Kelley, published in 1963 by John Wiley and Sons, New York. The work should cover pertinent data available at the date printed on the first page of each system. Inspection will show that many or most of the selected values differ from the 1963 edition; many of the differences are substantial. This shows progress in measurement and, at the same time, hints of uncertainties still present.
2,756 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the first and second-order free-energy interaction coefficients of solute elements in liquid dilute iron as the solvent have been collected and collated, and the results have been expressed in terms of the first-and secondorder free energy interaction coefficients.
Abstract: Data in the literature on the thermodynamic behaviour of solute elements in liquid dilute iron as the solvent have been collected and collated. The results have been expressed in terms of the first- and second-order free-energy interaction coefficients. Those based on composition in wt.-%, ei j and ri j are tabulated and the source materials are referenced. The thermodynamic properties of many alloying elements at infinite dilution in liquid iron are also tabulated.
651 citations
01 Jun 1988-Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B-process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science
TL;DR: In this paper, the Gibbs and Langmuir adsorption isotherms were used to calculate the entropy and enthalpy of surface active components such as oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and tellurium.
Abstract: Since the fluid flow, heat transfer, and the resulting weld properties are significantly affected by interfacial tension driven flow, the variation of interfacial tension in dilute binary solutions is studied as a function of both composition and temperature. Entropy and enthalpy of adsorption of surface active components such as oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and tellurium in Fe-O, Fe-S, Fe-Se, Cu-O, Cu-S, Cu-Se, Cu-Te, Ag-O, and Sn-Te systems were calculated from the analysis of the published data on interfacial tension of these systems. For these calculations, a formalism based on the combination of Gibbs and Langmuir adsorption isotherms was used. Interfacial tensions in Cr-O, Co-S, and Ni-S systems, where the data are scarce, were predicted by using certain approximations. The computed values were found to be in reasonable agreement with the data available in the literature. Temperature coefficients of interfacial tensions were calculated for several binary systems. It was demonstrated that in dilute solutions, the temperature coefficient of interfacial tension is strongly influenced by the heat of adsorption which, in turn, is influenced by the difference in electronegativity between the solute and solvent ions.
470 citations
TL;DR: A review of the literature data pertaining to the surface tension of pure iron and iron binary alloys is presented in this article, where approximate surface activities of the alloying elements have been deduced.
Abstract: A review has been conducted of the literature data pertaining to the surface tensions of pure iron and iron binary alloys. Approximate values for the respective surface activities of the alloying elements have been deduced. Of particular note are the high surface activities exhibited by Group VI elements in iron, together with the positive temperature coefficients of surface tension found with these alloys. Literature data for the suggested surface structures of the melts, based upon adsorption measurements, are included in this review.
169 citations