Effectiveness of granular formulations of Metarhizium anisopliae and Metarhizium brunneum (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) on off-host larvae of Dermacentor albipictus (Acari: Ixodidae)
TL;DR: The potential of granular formulations of Metarhizium to persist and kill a one-host tick whose larvae have a prolonged off-host stage is demonstrated.
Abstract: There is a critical need to develop effective, high-quality, fungal-based biopesticides for use against ticks. Dermacentor albipictus, the winter tick, is a one-host species that can cause mortalit...
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TL;DR: A comprehensive list of the use of commercialized Metarhizium and Beauveria-based biopesticides in the USA that have been tested against ixodid ticks under laboratory and field conditions and when used as a part of integrated tick management is compiled.
Abstract: Simple Summary Microbial biopesticides containing entomopathogenic fungi have potential in tick management. In this review, we compiled a comprehensive list of the use of commercialized Metarhizium and Beauveria-based biopesticides in the USA that have been tested against ixodid ticks under laboratory and field conditions and when used as a part of integrated tick management. Despite considerable progress in the development of fungal biopesticides over the past 20 years, the establishment of commercial products available for use against ticks continues to be slow. There is a need for the development of sustainable, nonchemical tick management strategies. Until efficacious fungus-based products become more available, tick management will rely primarily on synthetic chemical acaricides, with natural-product acaricides as the alternative. Abstract There is a need for the development of sustainable, nonchemical tick management strategies. Mycoacaricide and mycoinsecticide product development worldwide has focused primarily on fungi in the genera Beauveria (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) and Metarhizium (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae). Microbial biopesticides containing entomopathogenic fungi have potential in tick management. However, despite considerable progress in the development of fungal biopesticides over the past 20 years, the establishment of commercial products available for use against ticks continues to be slow. We reviewed published scientific literature and compiled a comprehensive list of reports of the effectiveness of commercial biopesticides based on the fungal genera Metarhizium and Beauveria and registered for use in the USA against ixodid ticks under laboratory and field conditions. We also report on results when these biopesticides were used as a part of integrated tick management. Until efficacious fungus-based products become more available, tick management will rely primarily on synthetic chemical acaricides, with natural-product acaricides as the alternative.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors investigate the in vitro effect of different predatory mite ratios of rhizoglyphus robini on R. robini mortality and the combined use of a M. brunneum-based granule with S. scimitus as potential strategies to manage this pest.
Abstract: Rhizoglyphus robini Claparède (Acari: Acaridae) is a pest of bulbs, corms and tubers of several economically important crops. The biological control of R. robini has yet to be fully explored as an alternative to chemical pesticides. Entomopathogenic fungi in the genera Metarhizium (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) are used for the biological control of several agricultural pests. The soil-dwelling predatory mite, Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Womersley) (Acari: Acaridae) is also frequently used alone or in combination with other biological control agents. There are few reports on the use of M. brunneum or S. scimutus against R. robini. The objectives of this research were to investigate the in vitro effect of different predatory mite ratios of S. scimitus on R. robini mortality and the combined use of a M. brunneum-based granule with S. scimitus as potential strategies to manage this pest. Mortality of R. robini in Petri dishes containing predators was significantly higher than without predators. When soil-filled containers containing R. robini were treated with both M. brunneum granules and S. scimitus, the lower densities of the bulb mite were obtained with the highest ratio of predator/prey mites. The number of bulb mites in the containers treated with only M. brunneum was significantly lower than the untreated control. These results demonstrate the potential for releasing of S. scimitus alone and in combination with M. brunneum granules to manage R. robini.
1 citations
TL;DR: The larval stage of the one-host tick, Dermacentor albipictus Packard (Acari: Ixodidae), the winter tick, is spent aggregated on the ground in summer until they quest for hosts in the autumn as mentioned in this paper .
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TL;DR: In order to make experimental studies comparable and statistically meaningful, the article recommends the following formula: per cent control = 100(X - Y)/X, which eliminates errors due to deaths in the control sample which were not due to the insecticide.
Abstract: There are several statistical methods used in biology (entomology) for computing the effectiveness of an insecticide, based on relating the number of dead insects in the treated plat to the number of live ones in the untreated plat. In order to make experimental studies comparable and statistically meaningful, the article recommends the following formula: per cent control = 100(X - Y)/X, where X = % living in the untreated check sample and Y = % living in the treated sample. Calculation using this method eliminates errors due to deaths in the control sample which were not due to the insecticide. An example based on treatments of San Jose scale includes computation of probable errors for X and Y, and the significance of the difference between the two counts. Common biometric convention holds that when the difference between the results of two experiments is greater than three times its probable error, the results are significant and due to the treatment applied.
11,700 citations
"Effectiveness of granular formulati..." refers methods in this paper
...Data on the percent mortality of tick larvae were corrected for control mortality using Abbott’s formula (Abbott, 1925)....
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TL;DR: An updated, comprehensive list of mycoinsecticides and mycoacaricides developed worldwide since the 1960s, with a total of 171 products claimed to control acarines (mites and ticks) in at least 4 families.
1,163 citations
"Effectiveness of granular formulati..." refers background in this paper
...Several species of fungi and various formulations have been developed commercially as mycoinsecticides and mycoacaricides, but few have been registered for ticks (Arthurs & Dara, 2019; Faria & Wraight, 2007; Mascarin & Jaronski, 2016)....
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TL;DR: Description de la biologie des tiques ixodides, de la phyiologie de leur regulation hydrique and des proprietes de leurs cuticule lorsqu'ils sont ou non en association avec un hote.
Abstract: Description de la biologie des tiques ixodides, de la phyiologie de leur regulation hydrique et des proprietes de leur cuticule lorsqu'ils sont ou non en association avec un hote
341 citations
"Effectiveness of granular formulati..." refers background in this paper
...Ticks are long lived and become more susceptible to environmental stress, such as desiccation, as they age (Needham & Teel, 1991)....
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01 Jan 2001
243 citations
"Effectiveness of granular formulati..." refers background in this paper
...The continued development and testing of high-quality biocontrol products is needed (Wraight et al., 2001), especially for ticks (Fernandes et al., 2012), until viable products become available....
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...Not all fungal isolates are universal in their pathogenicity and ability to sporulate and remain viable over time (Fernandes et al., 2012; Jackson et al., 2010; Wraight et al., 2001)....
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TL;DR: A basic understanding of the surface chemistries of the fungal propagule and insect, the interactions between a fungal propagateule and the insect cuticle that lead to infection, and the impact of the environment on this interaction can aid in the development of effective formulations.
Abstract: Insect pests persist in a wide-variety of agricultural, arboreal and urban environments. Effective control with fungal entomopathogens using inundation biocontrol requires an understanding of the ecology of the target insect, fungal pathogen, and the insect-pathogen interaction. Historically, the development of production and formulation processes for biocontrol fungi has primarily focused on reducing costs by maximizing the yield of infective propagules, increasing storage stability, and improving product form for ease of application. These goals are critical for commercialization but are often in conflict with environmental and ecological considerations. Critical parameters for selecting a fungal pathogen for use in inundation biocontrol include the cost-effective production of a stable, infective propagule that is suited for use in the environment where the insect must be controlled. Production processes can be manipulated nutritionally and environmentally to produce efficacious propagules or to direct fungal differentiation to propagule forms that may be better suited for use in specific environments. Formulation development must also consider ecological and environmental factors to maximize biocontrol efficacy. A basic understanding of the surface chemistries of the fungal propagule and insect, the interactions between a fungal propagule and the insect cuticle that lead to infection, and the impact of the environment on this interaction can aid in the development of effective formulations.
232 citations
"Effectiveness of granular formulati..." refers background in this paper
...The effective use of biopesticides relies on targeting the pest’s vulnerable life stage while taking into consideration the environmental conditions within which they are applied (Jackson et al., 2010)....
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...To cause infection, fungal spores must persist within the environment to contact a host (Jackson et al., 2010)....
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...Not all fungal isolates are universal in their pathogenicity and ability to sporulate and remain viable over time (Fernandes et al., 2012; Jackson et al., 2010; Wraight et al., 2001)....
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...Fungal efficacy depends on factors such as temperature, humidity, host species and life stage, fungal species and isolate, conidia persistence within the environment and host contact with infective conidia (Fernandes et al., 2012; Jackson et al., 2010)....
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