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Journal ArticleDOI

Effects of 2 low-fat stanol ester–containing margarines on serum cholesterol concentrations as part of a low-fat diet in hypercholesterolemic subjects

01 Mar 1999-The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (American Society for Nutrition)-Vol. 69, Iss: 3, pp 403-410
TL;DR: It is concluded that the low-fat, plant stanol ester-containing margarines are effective cholesterol-lowering products in hypercholesterolemic subjects when used as part of a low-Fat, low-cholesterol diet.
About: This article is published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.The article was published on 1999-03-01 and is currently open access. It has received 240 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Stanol ester & Plant stanol ester.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of plant sterols/stanols as supplements was quantified using a random effect model and the weighted mean effect sizes for net differences in LDL concentrations were calculated.

72 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results from the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT), in which CHD mortality was assessed in 356,222 men followed for more than 6 years, demonstrated a curvilinear relationship between increasing plasma concentrations of total cholesterol and risk of CHD.

71 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that the increase in endogenous cholesterol synthesis during plant stanol ester consumption does not result in increased LDL-cholesterol-standardized concentrations of ubiquinol-10, a side product of the cholesterol synthesis cascade and of those fat-soluble antioxidants that are mainly carried by LDL.
Abstract: Plant stanols lower intestinal cholesterol absorption. This causes a decrease in serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, despite a compensatory increase in cholesterol synthesis. We therefore hypothesized that plant stanols also change LDL-cholesterol—standardized concentrations of ubiquinol-10 (a side product of the cholesterol synthesis cascade) and of those fat-soluble antioxidants that are mainly carried by LDL. To examine this, 112 nonhypercholesterolemic subjects consumed low erucic acid rapeseed oil (LEAR)-based margarine and shortening for 4 weeks. For the next 8 weeks, 42 subjects consumed the same products, while the other subjects received products with vegetable oil—based stanols (2.6 g sitostanol plus 1.2 g campestanol daily, n = 36) or wood-based stanols (3.7 g sitostanol plus 0.3 g campestanol daily, n = 34). Consumption of both plant stanol ester mixtures increased cholesterol synthesis and lowered cholesterol absorption, as indicated by increased serum cholesterol-standardized lathosterol and decreased plant sterol concentrations, respectively. Compared with the control group, absolute plasma ubiquinol-10 concentrations were lowered by 12.3% ± 18.9% (−0.14 μg/mL v the control group; P = .004; 95% confidence interval [CI] for the difference in changes, −0.05 to −0.22 μg/mL) in the vegetable oil—based group and by 15.4% ± 13.0% (−0.17 μg/mL v the control group; P < .001; 95% CI for the difference, −0.08 to −0.27 μg/mL) in the wood-based group. Changes in LDL-cholesterol—standardized ubiquinol-10 concentrations were not significantly changed. The most lipophylic antioxidants, the hydrocarbon carotenoids (β-carotene, α-carotene, and lycopene), decreased most, followed by the less lipophylic oxygenated carotenoids (lutein/zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin) and the tocopherols. These reductions were related to the reduction in LDL, which carry most of these antioxidants. The decrease in the hydrocarbon carotenoids, however, was also significantly associated with a decrease in cholesterol absorption. LDL-cholesterol—standardized antioxidant concentrations were not changed, except for β-carotene, which was still, although not significantly, lowered by about 10%. We conclude that the increase in endogenous cholesterol synthesis during plant stanol ester consumption does not result in increased LDL-cholesterol—standardized concentrations of ubiquinol-10, a side product of the cholesterol synthesis cascade. Furthermore, decreases in absolute fat-soluble antioxidant concentrations are related to decreases in LDL-cholesterol. However, for the most lipophylic carotenoids, some of the reduction was also related to the decrease in cholesterol absorption.

71 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A food can be regarded as ‘functional’ if it can demonstrate a beneficial efficacy on one or more target functions in the body in a convincing way and improve the state of health and wellbeing and/or reduce the risk of disease.
Abstract: A food can be regarded as 'functional' if it can demonstrate a beneficial efficacy on one or more target functions in the body in a convincing way. Beyond adequate nutritional qualities, functional foods should either improve the state of health and wellbeing and/or reduce the risk of disease. Functional foods that are marketed with claims of heart disease reduction focus primarily on the major risk factors, i.e. cholesterol, diabetes and hypertension. Some of the most innovative products are designed to be enriched with 'protective' ingredients, believed to reduce risk. They may contain, for example, soluble fibre (from oat and psyllium), useful both for lowering cholesterol and blood pressure, or fructans, effective in diabetes. Phytosterols and stanols lower LDL-cholesterol in a dose-dependent manner. Soya protein is more hypocholesterolaemic in subjects with very high initial cholesterol and recent data indicate also favourable activities in the metabolic syndrome. n-3 Fatty acids appear to exert significant hypotriacylglycerolaemic effects, possibly partly responsible for their preventive activity. Dark chocolate is gaining much attention for its multifunctional activities, useful both for the prevention of dyslipidaemia as well as hypertension. Finally, consensus opinions about tea and coffee have not emerged yet, and the benefits of vitamin E, garlic, fenugreek and policosanols in the management of dyslipidaemia and prevention of arterial disease are still controversial.

70 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
16 Jun 1993-JAMA
TL;DR: Dairy therapy remains the first line of treatment of high blood cholesterol, and drug therapy is reserved for patients who are considered to be at high risk for CHD, and the fundamental approach to treatment is comparable.
Abstract: THE SECOND report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II, or ATP II) presents the National Cholesterol Education Program's updated recommendations for cholesterol management. It is similar to the first in general outline, and the fundamental approach to treatment of high blood cholesterol is comparable. This report continues to identify low-density lipoproteins (LDL) as the primary target of cholesterol-lowering therapy. As in the first report, the second report emphasizes the role of the clinical approach in primary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD). Dietary therapy remains the first line of treatment of high blood cholesterol, and drug therapy is reserved for patients who are considered to be at high risk for CHD. However, the second report contains new features that distinguish it from the first. These include the following: Increased emphasis on See also pp 3002 and 3009.

28,495 citations

Book
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In an ultrasonic alarm detector of the doppler detection type, the improvement comprising a second transmitter transducer disposed remote from the detector and driven from the master oscillator at the detector thereby extending the operating range of the detector to up to twice the range attainable without the second transmitter Transducer.
Abstract: SPSS for Windows: base system user's guide release 6.0 , SPSS for Windows: base system user's guide release 6.0 , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

1,643 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors tested the tolerability and cholesterol-lowering effect of margarine containing sitostanol ester in a population with mild hypercholesterolemia.
Abstract: Background Dietary plant sterols, especially sitostanol, reduce serum cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol absorption. Soluble sitostanol may be more effective than a less soluble preparation. We tested the tolerability and cholesterol-lowering effect of margarine containing sitostanol ester in a population with mild hypercholesterolemia. Methods We conducted a one-year, randomized, double-blind study in 153 randomly selected subjects with mild hypercholesterolemia. Fifty-one consumed margarine without sitostanol ester (the control group), and 102 consumed margarine containing sitostanol ester (1.8 or 2.6 g of sitostanol per day). Results The margarine containing sitostanol ester was well tolerated. The mean one-year reduction in serum cholesterol was 10.2 percent in the sitostanol group, as compared with an increase of 0.1 percent in the control group. The difference in the change in serum cholesterol concentration between the two groups was -24 mg per deciliter (95 percent confidence interval, -17 to -...

752 citations