Effects of activated carbon surface chemistry and pore structure on the adsorption of trace organic contaminants from aqueous solution
01 Jan 2002-
TL;DR: In this paper, a matrix of activated carbon fibers with three activation levels and four surface chemistry levels was used to evaluate pore structure and surface chemistry effects, and three granular activated carbons (GACs) were studied.
Abstract: Abstract The objective of this research was to develop activated carbon selection criteria that assure the effective removal of trace organic contaminants from aqueous solution and to base the selection criteria on physical and chemical adsorbent characteristics. To systematically evaluate pore structure and surface chemistry effects, a matrix of activated carbon fibers (ACFs) with three activation levels and four surface chemistry levels was prepared and characterized. In addition, three granular activated carbons (GACs) were studied. Two common drinking water contaminants, relatively polar methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) and relatively nonpolar trichloroethene (TCE), served as adsorbate probes. TCE adsorbed primarily in micropores in the 7–10 A width range while MTBE adsorbed primarily in micropores in the 8–11 A width range. These results suggest that effective adsorbents should exhibit a large volume of micropores with widths that are about 1.3 to 1.8 times larger than the kinetic diameter of the target adsorbate. Hydrophobic adsorbents more effectively removed both TCE and MTBE from aqueous solution than hydrophilic adsorbents, a result that was explained by enhanced water adsorption on hydrophilic surfaces. To assure sufficient adsorbent hydrophobicity, the oxygen and nitrogen contents of an activated carbon should therefore sum to no more than about 2 to 3 mmol/g.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the current knowledge about the fundamental factors that control the adsorption process from aqueous phase is presented, and the carbon surface chemistry has a great influence on both electrostatic and non-electrostatic interactions.
1,259 citations
TL;DR: Biochars developed from soybean stover and peanut shells and pyrolysis temperature influencing the BC properties was a critical factor to assess the removal efficiency of TCE from water.
959 citations
TL;DR: It is evident from the revision made that AC prepared from both conventional and non-conventional wastes might effectively compete with the commercial ones.
905 citations
TL;DR: The influence of surface modification of activated carbon with gaseous ammonia on adsorption properties toward carbon dioxide (CO2) was reviewed in this paper, where two different methods, heat treatment and ammonia treatment (amination) for producing activated carbon had been compared and amination was found to be suitable modification technique for obtaining efficient CO2 adsorbents.
853 citations
TL;DR: A review on the preparation of activated carbon from agricultural waste material is presented in this article, where various physical and chemical processes for the activation of the agricultural residues and their effects on the textural properties such as surface area and pore volume are discussed.
Abstract: A review on the preparation of the activated carbon from agricultural waste material is presented. The physical properties such as proximate and ultimate analysis of agricultural waste material were reviewed. The chemical compositions such as cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin contents were also discussed. The effects of various parameters on the preparation such as carbonization and activation temperature, time, types of activating agents and impregnation ratio were reviewed. Various physical and chemical processes for the activation of the agricultural residues and their effects on the textural properties such as surface area and pore volume were discussed. The low cost, renewable and relatively less expensive of the agricultural waste were found to be efficiently being converted into wealth. The uses of activated carbon derived from agricultural residues in many fields were evidently proven in the review. The reaction kinetic modeling on the pyrolysis and activation of agricultural wastes were also reviewed.
846 citations
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01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: An Introduction to Environmental Organic Chemicals is given in this article, where the authors present an overview of the main steps in the development of these processes, including the following: Sorption I: General Introduction and Sorption Processes Involving Organic Matter. Sorption II: Partitioning to Living Media - Bioaccumulation and Baseline Toxicity.
Abstract: Preface. Part I: Introduction. 1. General Topic and Overview. 2. An Introduction to Environmental Organic Chemicals. Part II: Equilibrium Partitioning Between Gaseous, Liquid, and Solid Phases. 3. Partitioning: Molecular Interactions and Thermodynamics. 4. Vapor Pressure. 5. Activity Coefficient and Solubility in Water. 6. Air-Organic Solvent and Air-Water Partitioning. 7. Organic Liquid-Water Partitioning. 8. Organic Acids and Bases: Acidity Constant and Partitioning Behavior. 9. Sorption I: General Introduction and Sorption Processes Involving Organic Matter. 10. Sorption II: Partitioning to Living Media - Bioaccumulation and Baseline Toxicity. 11. Sorption III: Sorption Processes Involving Inorganic Surfaces. Part III: Transformation Processes. 12. Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Transformation Reactions. 13. Chemical Transformations I: Hydrolysis and Reactions Involving Other Nucleophilic Species. 14. Chemical Transformations II: Redox Reactions. 15. Direct Photolysis. 16. Indirect Photolysis: Reactions with Photooxidants in Natural Waters and in the Atmosphere. 17. Biological Transformations. Part IV: Modeling Tools: Transport and Reaction. 18. Transport by Random Motion. 19. Transport Through Boundaries. 20. Air-Water Exchange. 21. Box Models. 22. Models in Space and Time. Part V: Environmental Systems and Case Studies. 23. Ponds, Lakes, and Oceans. 24. Rivers. 25. Groundwater. Appendix. Bibliography. Index (Subject Index, Compound Index, List of Illustrative Examples).
4,403 citations
TL;DR: A key to pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry literature and training of literature chemists are discussed in the Advances series as mentioned in this paper, with the focus on the training of chemistry chemists, which is a subject of great interest to the literature chemist.
Abstract: NUMBERS 16 and 17 in the Advances series have made their appearance. The titles are: "A Key to Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Literature" and "Training of literature Chemists." The first is a collection of papers presented before the Divisions of Chemical Literature and Medicinal Chemistry; the second consists of papers given before a joint meeting of the Divisions of Chemical Education and Chemical Literature. Glancing at the titles of subjects covered to date in the Advances series, it becomes evident that a substantial literature is being built by literature chemists, largely through the divisions in the AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY. Number 4, "Searching the Chemical Literature," has been reprinted several times and frequently is referred to as the "bible" of literature chemists. Number 10, "Literature Resources for Chemical Process Industries," is in much demand. Nomenclature is a subject of direct importance to the literature chemist, and Number 8, entitled "Chemical Nomenclature," and ...
3,188 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the surface chemistry of carbon blacks and other activated carbons is given, focusing on surface oxides with emphasis on the chemical methods used in the assessment and identification of surface functional groups.
2,705 citations
2,011 citations
TL;DR: The physicochemical properties and the surface chemical structure of the carbon materials obtained by the modification of the commercial activated carbon D43/1 (Carbo-Tech, Essen, Germany) were studied in this article.
1,342 citations