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Journal ArticleDOI

Effects of Ambient Temperature on Laser-Induced Plasma in Bulk Water:

Nan Li1, Jinjia Guo1, Lin Zhu1, Yuan Lu1, Ye Tian1, Ronger Zheng1 
06 Nov 2019-Applied Spectroscopy (SAGE PublicationsSage UK: London, England)-Vol. 73, Iss: 11, pp 1277-1283
TL;DR: The results suggest that the ambient temperature has great influences on laser-induced plasma, which needs to be taken into account in underwater LIBS measurement, especially on-site marine applications.
Abstract: Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been successfully applied to ocean exploration, but the changes in marine environmental factors could have an important impact on the LIBS signals. T...
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Li et al. as mentioned in this paper summarized the research status and latest progress of main research groups in coal, metallurgy, and water, and suggested to further promote LIBS applications.
Abstract: Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been widely studied due to its unique advantages such as remote sensing, real-time multi-elemental detection and none-to-little damage. With the efforts of researchers around the world, LIBS has been developed by leaps and bounds. Moreover, in recent years, more and more Chinese LIBS researchers have put tremendous energy in promoting LIBS applications. It is worth mentioning that the application of LIBS in a specific field has its special application background and technical difficulties, therefore it may develop in different stages. A review summarizing the current development status of LIBS in various fields would be helpful for the development of LIBS technology as well as its applications especially for Chinese LIBS community since most of the researchers in this field work in application. In the present work, we summarized the research status and latest progress of main research groups in coal, metallurgy, and water, etc. Based on the current research status, the challenges and opportunities of LIBS were evaluated, and suggestions were made to further promote LIBS applications.

83 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this work, it was shown that clear CaOH molecular bands can be observed in the spectrum at very early times after the laser pulse and presented a much longer lifetime and more homogeneous emission distribution compared with the Ca I and Ca II lines.
Abstract: Recently, molecular emissions from the laser-induced plasma in ambient gas have gained increasing interest; however, very little is known about the case in water solutions. In this work, we investigated the spatiotemporal characteristics of molecular emissions, CaOH for instance, in underwater laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) by using time-resolved spectroscopy, spectral-resolved imaging, and shadowgraph techniques. It was shown that clear CaOH molecular bands can be observed in the spectrum at very early times after the laser pulse and presented a much longer lifetime and more homogeneous emission distribution compared with the Ca I and Ca II lines. Such unique characteristics of CaOH molecular emission inspired us to improve the performances of underwater LIBS by using the CaOH molecular bands instead of Ca I and Ca II lines. We demonstrated the excellent quantification results of CaOH with higher stability, less self-absorption, and reduced matrix effect. Meanwhile, the limit of detection (LOD) of Ca with the CaOH molecular band (2.46 ppm) is comparable to that with the atomic line of Ca I (2.07 ppm), and much lower than that with the ionic line of Ca II (13.81 ppm), indicating a good sensitivity of CaOH. This work gives not only some insights into the molecule formation mechanisms in underwater plasmas, but also provides new ideas to improve the analytical performances of underwater LIBS.

24 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the plasma charging effect on the particle releasing in solution, during the bubble evolution, and proposed a new insight of the mechanism of nanoparticles (NPs) release in solution.

23 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a brief review on the development and the newest applications of in situ laser spectroscopy for deep sea research is presented, with the advantages exactly meeting the requirement of the in situ detection.

15 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
21 Dec 2020-Sensors
TL;DR: Li et al. as mentioned in this paper developed and tested a more compact and lighter underwater laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) system named LIBSea II, which consists of a Nd:YAG single-pulse laser at 1064 nm, a fiber spectrometer, optical layout, a power supply module and an internal environment sensor.
Abstract: In recent years, the investigation and exploitation of hydrothermal region and polymetallic mineral areas has become a hot topic. The emergence of underwater vehicle platforms has made it possible for new chemical sensors to be applied in marine in-situ detection. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), with its advantages of rapid real-time analysis, sampling without pretreatment, simultaneous multi-element detection and stand-off detection, has great potential in marine applications. In this paper, a newly more compact and lighter underwater LIBS system based on the LIBSea system named LIBSea II was developed and tested both in the laboratory and sea trials. The system consists of a Nd:YAG single-pulse laser at 1064 nm, a fiber spectrometer, optical layout, a power supply module and an internal environment sensor. The system is encapsulated in a pressure vessel (Φ 190 mm × L 588 mm) with an optical window on the end cap. Experimental parameters of the system including laser energy and delay time were firstly optimized in the laboratory. Then, field test of the system in nearshore was performed with various samples, including pure metal and alloy samples as well as a manganese nodule sample from deep sea, to verify the detection performance of the LIBSea II system. In 2019, the system was deployed on a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) of Haima for deep sea trial, and atomic lines of K, Na, Ca and strong molecular bands of CaOH from a carbonate rock sample were obtained for the first time at depths of 1400 m. These results show that the LIBSea II system has great potential to be used in deep-sea geological exploration.

12 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Junku Yuh1
TL;DR: This paper surveys some key areas in current state-of-the-art underwater robotic technologies, by no means a complete survey but provides key references for future development.
Abstract: During the 1990s, numerous worldwide research and development activities have occurred in underwater robotics, especially in the area of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). As the ocean attracts great attention on environmental issues and resources as well as scientific and military tasks, the need for and use of underwater robotic systems has become more apparent. Great efforts have been made in developing AUVs to overcome challenging scientific and engineering problems caused by the unstructured and hazardous ocean environment. In the 1990s, about 30 new AUVs have been built worldwide. With the development of new materials, advanced computing and sensory technology, as well as theoretical advancements, R&D activities in the AUV community have increased. However, this is just the beginning for more advanced, yet practical and reliable AUVs. This paper surveys some key areas in current state-of-the-art underwater robotic technologies. It is by no means a complete survey but provides key references for future development. The new millennium will bring advancements in technology that will enable the development of more practical, reliable AUVs.

636 citations


"Effects of Ambient Temperature on L..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The applications of underwater platforms such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) play a significant role in the fields of oceanography and geophysics.(1,2) However, most analyses are typically carried out in laboratories using the samples collected by underwater platforms, losing the timeliness of obtained information....

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Journal ArticleDOI

612 citations


"Effects of Ambient Temperature on L..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The thermal expansivity is increased by approximately 20 times(26) and the viscosity is reduced by approximately three times.(27,28) It is found that they have good correlations with plasma area and emission....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of laser-induced breakdown in aqueous media were investigated and applications of laser induced breakdown in liquids in liquids were discussed. But none of these applications were considered in this paper.

295 citations


"Effects of Ambient Temperature on L..." refers background in this paper

  • ...In addition, for the laser excitation at 1064 nm, laser-induced breakdown in liquids rely on electron cascade ionization (CI) and the development of CI under infrared laser pulses is favored by more efficient inverse bremsstrahlung absorption, in which the coefficient is a/ (3)Ne(2), where is the laser wavelength and Ne is the electron density.(8,9) Therefore, the higher electron density is conductive to increasing the efficiency of breakdown....

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  • ...It should be noted that unlike the case of laser-induced plasma on solid targets in air environment, the plasma formation and excitation in water are quite less efficient because a great portion of laser energy is expended for liquid evaporation, and the moving breakdown phenomenon makes this process more complex.(8,9) Furthermore, the dynamics of the plasma in water is strongly dependent on the environment where the plasma forms and expands....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the fundamental principles of laser-induced plasma emission relevant to sample surface studies, discusses the experimental parameters governing the spatial (lateral and in-depth) resolution in LIPS analysis and presents the applications concerning surface examination.

215 citations


"Effects of Ambient Temperature on L..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The spectroscopic information can be obtained from the plasma, which allows qualitative or quantitative determination of the sample compositions.(3) It is emerging as a new technology for in-situ analysis of marine application that has been developed into oceanographic systems to perform on-site elemental measurements of seawater or undersea minerals with the advantages of real-time and rapid multi-element detection....

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