Effects of Ambient Temperature on Laser-Induced Plasma in Bulk Water:
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"Effects of Ambient Temperature on L..." refers background in this paper
...The applications of underwater platforms such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) play a significant role in the fields of oceanography and geophysics.(1,2) However, most analyses are typically carried out in laboratories using the samples collected by underwater platforms, losing the timeliness of obtained information....
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"Effects of Ambient Temperature on L..." refers background in this paper
...The thermal expansivity is increased by approximately 20 times(26) and the viscosity is reduced by approximately three times.(27,28) It is found that they have good correlations with plasma area and emission....
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295 citations
"Effects of Ambient Temperature on L..." refers background in this paper
...In addition, for the laser excitation at 1064 nm, laser-induced breakdown in liquids rely on electron cascade ionization (CI) and the development of CI under infrared laser pulses is favored by more efficient inverse bremsstrahlung absorption, in which the coefficient is a/ (3)Ne(2), where is the laser wavelength and Ne is the electron density.(8,9) Therefore, the higher electron density is conductive to increasing the efficiency of breakdown....
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...It should be noted that unlike the case of laser-induced plasma on solid targets in air environment, the plasma formation and excitation in water are quite less efficient because a great portion of laser energy is expended for liquid evaporation, and the moving breakdown phenomenon makes this process more complex.(8,9) Furthermore, the dynamics of the plasma in water is strongly dependent on the environment where the plasma forms and expands....
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215 citations
"Effects of Ambient Temperature on L..." refers background in this paper
...The spectroscopic information can be obtained from the plasma, which allows qualitative or quantitative determination of the sample compositions.(3) It is emerging as a new technology for in-situ analysis of marine application that has been developed into oceanographic systems to perform on-site elemental measurements of seawater or undersea minerals with the advantages of real-time and rapid multi-element detection....
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