Effects of azide and chloretone on the sodium and potassium contents and the respiration of frog sciatic nerves

doi:10.1085/JGP.41.5.959

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Effects of azide and chloretone on the sodium and potassium contents and the respiration of frog sciatic nerves

Journal Article•DOI•

Effects of azide and chloretone on the sodium and potassium contents and the respiration of frog sciatic nerves

W. P. Hurlbut¹•Institutions (1)

Rockefeller University¹

20 May 1958-The Journal of General Physiology (The Rockefeller University Press)-Vol. 41, Iss: 5, pp 959-988

TL;DR: With the exception of 15.0 mM chloretone the ionic shifts produced by these reagents may be due primarily to the depression of the respiration, although there are indications that azide acts, in addition, by another pathway.

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Abstract: Azide (0.2 to 5.0 mM) and chloretone (2.0 to 15.0 mM) reversibly inhibited 20 to 90 per cent of the resting respiration of frog sciatic nerves, and caused a loss of potassium and a gain of sodium in this tissue. The changes in ionic contents that developed after 5 or 10 hours were roughly correlated with the degree of respiratory depression, but the time courses of these changes were different with the two reagents. In azide these changes appeared to begin immediately, while in chloretone, at concentrations between 3.0 and 5.0 mM, the ionic shifts developed after a delay of several hours. Fifteen millimolar chloretone produced immediate changes in ionic contents several times greater than those produced by anoxia. The changes in ionic distribution produced in 5 hours by anoxia, 5.0 mM azide, or 5.0 mM chloretone were at least partially reversible; those produced by 15.0 mM chloretone were irreversible. With the exception of 15.0 mM chloretone the ionic shifts produced by these reagents may be due primarily to the depression of the respiration, although there are indications that azide acts, in addition, by another pathway. Concentrations of azide or chloretone that depressed the resting rate of oxygen consumption more than 50 per cent produced a slow conduction block, while 15.0 mM chloretone blocked conduction within 15 minutes.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Sodium azide stimulated potassium efflux from striated muscles.

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E. G. Henderson, S. S. Walkenstein

01 Jan 1971-Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology

TL;DR: Sodium azide in concentrations as low as 0.25 mM was capable of altering potassium fluxes in frog sartorius muscle fibers and the stimulation of potassium efflux by sodium azide was always greater than the reduction of potassium influx.

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Abstract: Sodium azide (NaN3) in concentrations as low as 0.25 mM was capable of altering potassium fluxes in frog sartorius muscle fibers. Influx of potassium was maximally reduced in the presence of 2.0 mM NaN3 to between 32 and 39% of control. All concentrations of azide tested increased potassium efflux, but above 2.0 mM NaN3 the rate constant for potassium (K-42) efflux increased continuously. After the addition of 3.0 mM NaN3 to the normal Ringer's solution the rate constant for potassium efflux increased from 267% to 358% over a 2 h period. The stimulation of potassium efflux by sodium azide was always greater than the reduction of potassium influx. Net intracellular sodium was unaltered by axide concentrations below 2.0 mM, but markedly increased in the presence of higher azide concentrations. Muscles were rapidly depolarized by sodium azide in both 2.5 mM KCl and 5.0 mM KCl Ringer's solution. At higher azide concentrations (>2.0 mM) the depolarization was constant and did not reflect the continuous loss of potassium ions. The loss of intracellular potassium which was not completely compensated by the gain of sodium was probably due to an increase in potassium permeability.

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4 citations

Cites background or methods or result from "Effects of azide and chloretone on ..."

...I f anions were gained only on the basis of a constant product, there would still be a deficit of internal ions and the cells would shrink. Either the Cells accumulated anions or some organie component of the muscles such as ereatine phosphate was broken down to maintain osmotic balance. Both of these factors should be investigated. Ling and Gerard (1949) have demonstrated tha t 1.0 m ~ NaNs caused a reduction of creatine phosphate levels in frog sartorins muscles. Haas et al. (1967) have shown tha t 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) (0.2 mM) produced a doubling of inorganic phosphate in frog atria while reducing ATP levels to 25 ~ and ereatine phosphate to zero. In the frog atria NaN 3 and DNP altered ionic fluxes identically (1967). Therefore, it is possible tha t the cleavage of ereatine phosphate was responsible for the maintenance of osmotic balance in the present investigation. The results of this s tudy were in general agreement with findings in other muscle types. Haas et al. (1967) have shown tha t potassium influx was reduced 30~ in frog atria and efflux increased 50--2700/0 in the presence of sodium azide. Shaw and Simon (1955) demonstrated tha t 3.0 mM azide stimulated the rate of potassium efflux from toad muscle while not affecting the rate of sodinm loss. In addition, sodium efflux from frog sartorins muscles was not affected by 2.0 m~V[ NaN a (Carey, Conway and Kernan, 1959). However, Horowicz and Gerber (1965) have reported tha t 5 ....
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...I f anions were gained only on the basis of a constant product, there would still be a deficit of internal ions and the cells would shrink. Either the Cells accumulated anions or some organie component of the muscles such as ereatine phosphate was broken down to maintain osmotic balance. Both of these factors should be investigated. Ling and Gerard (1949) have demonstrated tha t 1.0 m ~ NaNs caused a reduction of creatine phosphate levels in frog sartorins muscles. Haas et al. (1967) have shown tha t 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) (0.2 mM) produced a doubling of inorganic phosphate in frog atria while reducing ATP levels to 25 ~ and ereatine phosphate to zero. In the frog atria NaN 3 and DNP altered ionic fluxes identically (1967). Therefore, it is possible tha t the cleavage of ereatine phosphate was responsible for the maintenance of osmotic balance in the present investigation. The results of this s tudy were in general agreement with findings in other muscle types. Haas et al. (1967) have shown tha t potassium influx was reduced 30~ in frog atria and efflux increased 50--2700/0 in the presence of sodium azide. Shaw and Simon (1955) demonstrated tha t 3....
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...Specific methods were similar to those described by Sjodin and Henderson (1964). The sartorius muscle of the frog ....
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...I f anions were gained only on the basis of a constant product, there would still be a deficit of internal ions and the cells would shrink. Either the Cells accumulated anions or some organie component of the muscles such as ereatine phosphate was broken down to maintain osmotic balance. Both of these factors should be investigated. Ling and Gerard (1949) have demonstrated tha t 1.0 m ~ NaNs caused a reduction of creatine phosphate levels in frog sartorins muscles. Haas et al. (1967) have shown tha t 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) (0....
[...]
...A b iphas ie ac t ion of sod ium azide (NaNs) on muscle was sugges ted as ea r ly as 1939 (Stannard , 1939). S t a n n a r d d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t the var ious muscle t ypes of the frog~first exh ib i ted an increased res t ing oxygen consumpt ion in the presence of 1 mM NaN3 which was followed b y a s lowly occuring inhibi t ion . Carbon dioxide p roduc t ion also followed a b iphas ic p a t t e r n in the presence of NaNa, first r educed and then s t imula ted . Sod ium cyanide , in cont ras t , comple te ly inh ib i t ed oxygen consumpt ion. t I u r l b u t (1958) d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t 0 ....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Functional uptake of hydrazine by frog nerve in sodium-deficient Ringer's solution.

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Sze-Chuh Cheng¹•Institutions (1)

University of York¹

17 Feb 1962-Nature

TL;DR: The relation between the HZ+ and the functional activity of nerve was further explored and it was found that among the onium ions tested, the hydrazinium ion (HZ+) could maintain the compound action potential of the frog sciatic nerve in a sodium-free Ringer's solution.

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Abstract: LORENTE DE No et al.1 found that among the onium ions tested, the hydrazinium ion (HZ+) could maintain, for a long time, the compound action potential of the frog sciatic nerve in a sodium-free Ringer's solution. (Ringer's solution, identical to Ringer's solution B in ref. 6; HZ- or choline-Ringer's solution, similar to above except sodium was replaced by HZ or choline respectively.) In line with the general interest in this laboratory in the metabolism of nitrogenous compounds in nervous tissue, the relation between the HZ+ and the functional activity of nerve was further explored.

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2 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

A continuous-flow perfusion system for the maintenance and NMR study of small tissue samples in vitro

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Keith Wachowicz¹, Richard E. Snyder¹•Institutions (1)

University of Alberta¹

07 Feb 2005-Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics Biology and Medicine

TL;DR: A novel perfusion system developed to maintain excised tissue in a flowing, oxygenated bathing solution during acquisition of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data, and in addition allow precise data to be acquired continuously while altering the composition of the bathing solution surrounding the tissue, was found to be resistant to the effects of flow rate.

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Abstract: To describe and evaluate a novel perfusion system developed to maintain excised tissue in a flowing, oxygenated bathing solution during acquisition of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data, and in addition allow precise data to be acquired continuously while altering the composition of the bathing solution surrounding the tissue A chamber to house the tissue sample was constructed of interlocking sections of polyethylene tubing, and had approximate internal dimensions of 4 mm in diameter and 4 mm in height Temperature-controlled, physiologically appropriate buffer solution was pumped via an infusion pump through the chamber, entering and exiting by way of small openings on either end Immediately surrounding the polyethylene chamber was a tight-fitting four-loop solenoid RF coil Measured proton NMR parameters were found to be fairly insensitive to the flow rate of the buffer if this coil was used only for reception and a larger-volume transmit-only coil was used for excitation Temperature control of the sample was successfully implemented between 25 and 40 degrees C The perfusion system was found to be resistant to the effects of flow rate, as well as a useful tool for the administration of drugs or agents to the tissue Changes in buffer composition could be performed on the fly without the need to reposition the sample each time a change was made This avoidance of repositioning was found to yield a fivefold improvement in the precision of T(2) spectral parameters (using frog sciatic nerve as a sample)

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2 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Thermodynamical aspects and molecular mechanisms of nerve activity.

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Margineanu Dg¹•Institutions (1)

University of Liège¹

01 Aug 1977-Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry

TL;DR: In this article, a nonequilibrium thermodynamic approach for the energy needs for resting ionic pumping are computed and compared with experimental data on nerve metabolism. But without recourse to conformational changes in membrane proteins, the initial heat of activity cannot be properly accounted for.

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Abstract: This paper proposes a nonequilibrium thermodynamical approach for the energetics of nerve functioning. The energy needs for resting ionic pumping are computed and compared with experimental data on nerve metabolism. A detailed analysis of the various contributions to energetical changes during the nerve impulse clearly shows that without recourse to conformational changes in membrane proteins the initial heat of activity cannot be properly accounted for. By considering the transitions of membrane ionophores, a faithful quantitative explanation of the heat of activity is obtained.

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1 citations

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References

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Book•

Conduction of Heat in Solids

[...]

H. S. Carslaw, John Conrad Jaeger

31 Dec 1959

TL;DR: In this paper, a classic account describes the known exact solutions of problems of heat flow, with detailed discussion of all the most important boundary value problems, including boundary value maximization.

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Abstract: This classic account describes the known exact solutions of problems of heat flow, with detailed discussion of all the most important boundary value problems.

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21,807 citations

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Injury, Recovery, and Death, in Relation to Conductivity and Permeability

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Winthrop John Van Leuven Osterhout

29 Oct 2007

104 citations

Metabolic aspects of transport across cell membranes

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Quillian R. Murphy

01 Jan 1957

80 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Injury, Recovery, and Death, in Relation to Conductivity and Permeability

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C. A. Kofoid

01 Nov 1925-American Journal of Public Health

38 citations

"Effects of azide and chloretone on ..." refers background or result in this paper

...…have only slight metabolic effects on resting nerves (Brink, 1951), and narcotics are also known to affect the electrical resistance of frog muscle (Guttmau, 1939) and plant cells (Osterhout , 1922), dilute concentrations causing an initial increase in resistance that is followed by a decrease....
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...These results are reminiscent of the experiments of Osterhout (1922) who showed that high concentrations of narcotics produced a progressive decrease in the electrical resistance of Laminaria agardkii....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Studies from the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research

[...]

Mmh

01 Aug 1945-Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease

TL;DR: Reading studies from the rockefeller institute for medical research is also a way as one of the collective books that gives many advantages.

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Abstract: No wonder you activities are, reading will be always needed. It is not only to fulfil the duties that you need to finish in deadline time. Reading will encourage your mind and thoughts. Of course, reading will greatly develop your experiences about everything. Reading studies from the rockefeller institute for medical research is also a way as one of the collective books that gives many advantages. The advantages are not only for you, but for the other peoples with those meaningful benefits.

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37 citations