Effects of chloroquine on lysosomal enzymes, NADPH-induced lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzymes of rat retina.
TL;DR: In contrast to the acute effect, chloroquine, given in 7- and 15-day treatment schedules, had no significant effect on the lysosomal enzyme system, while at the same time a normalization or a decrease in NADPH-induced lipid peroxidation, associated with a significant increase in tissue glutathione content, was noted.
About: This article is published in Biochemical Pharmacology.The article was published on 1983-10-01. It has received 37 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: GPX4 & Lipid peroxidation.
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01 Jan 1985
544 citations
TL;DR: Injections of leupeptin or chloroquine into the brains of young rats induced the formation of lysosome-associated granular aggregates which closely resembled the ceroid-lipofuscin that accumulates in certain disease states and during aging.
Abstract: Injections of leupeptin (a thiol proteinase inhibitor) or chloroquine (a general lysosomal enzyme inhibitor) into the brains of young rats induced the formation of lysosome-associated granular aggregates (dense bodies) which closely resembled the ceroid-lipofuscin that accumulates in certain disease states and during aging The dense material increased in a dose- and time-dependent fashion and was differentially distributed across brain regions and cell types These observations provide clues to the origins of ceroid-lipofuscin and suggest means for studying the consequences of its accumulation
278 citations
TL;DR: Results suggest that Tam, by initially partitioning into the membranes, induces a generation of transmembrane signals and an oxidative stress to elicit the membrane association of PKC, followed by an irreversible activation, and subsequent down-regulation of this enzyme, which, in part, may lead to cell growth inhibition.
157 citations
TL;DR: The present review provides a biochemical investigation of the mechanisms leading to deadly inflammation in severe COVID-19, counterbalanced by GSH, and discusses the current data about the feasibility of increasing GSH levels, which could be used to prevent and subdue the disease.
Abstract: The novel COVID-19 pandemic is affecting the world’s population differently: mostly in the presence of conditions such as aging, diabetes and hypertension the virus triggers a lethal cytokine storm and patients die from acute respiratory distress syndrome, whereas in many cases the disease has a mild or even asymptomatic progression. A common denominator in all conditions associated with COVID-19 appears to be the impaired redox homeostasis responsible for reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation; therefore, levels of glutathione (GSH), the key anti-oxidant guardian in all tissues, could be critical in extinguishing the exacerbated inflammation that triggers organ failure in COVID-19. The present review provides a biochemical investigation of the mechanisms leading to deadly inflammation in severe COVID-19, counterbalanced by GSH. The pathways competing for GSH are described to illustrate the events concurring to cause a depletion of endogenous GSH stocks. Drawing on evidence from literature that demonstrates the reduced levels of GSH in the main conditions clinically associated with severe disease, we highlight the relevance of restoring GSH levels in the attempt to protect the most vulnerable subjects from severe symptoms of COVID-19. Finally, we discuss the current data about the feasibility of increasing GSH levels, which could be used to prevent and subdue the disease.
136 citations
Cites background from "Effects of chloroquine on lysosomal..."
...In addition to its prooxidant activity leading to GSH depletion [86], chloroquine accumulates into lysosomes leading to their alkalinization and to the impaired uptake of many nutrients from the blood, including transferrin-bound iron....
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TL;DR: It is suggested that parasite feeding on host cell cytosol is the primary target for the antimalarial action of these drugs, and the metabolically dependent acidification of this parasite organelle is involved in both processes.
115 citations
References
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: Procedures are described for measuring protein in solution or after precipitation with acids or other agents, and for the determination of as little as 0.2 gamma of protein.
289,852 citations
TL;DR: A water-soluble (at pH 8) aromatic disulfide [5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid] has been synthesized and shown to be useful for determination of sulfhydryl groups.
23,232 citations
TL;DR: The reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium (NitroBT) with NADH mediated by phenazine methosulfate (PMS) under aerobic conditions was inhibited upon addition ofsuperoxide dismutase, indicating the involvement of superoxide aninon radical in the reduction of NitroBT.
3,331 citations
1,710 citations
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01 Jan 1972TL;DR: This short review of free radicals discusses certain types of free radical, such as nitroxyl-radicals and free radicals stabilized by steric or derealization features, which are stable enough to be crystallised and stored at temperatures above 0°.
Abstract: Free radicals are molecules or molecular fragments containing a single unpaired electron. In general, free radicals are reactive chemically, some (e.g. HO•) being extremely reactive. However, certain types of free radical, such as nitroxyl-radicals and free radicals stabilized by steric or derealization features, are much less reactive and a few (e.g. diphenyl picryl hydrazyl) are stable enough to be crystallised and stored at temperatures above 0°. Table 1 gives the general structures of free radicals that will be discussed in this short review.
1,643 citations