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Journal ArticleDOI

Effects of different sleep restriction protocols on sleep architecture and daytime vigilance in healthy men.

01 Jan 2010-Physiological Research (Physiol Res)-Vol. 59, Iss: 5, pp 821-829
TL;DR: The study showed that cumulative declines in daytime vigilance resulted from loss of total sleep time, rather than from specific stages, and underscored the reversibility of SR effects with greater amounts of sleep.
Abstract: Sleep is regulated by complex biological systems and environmental influences, neither of which is fully clarified. This study demonstrates differential effects of partial sleep deprivation (SD) on sleep architecture and psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) performance using two different protocols (sequentially) that each restricted daily sleep to 3 hours in healthy adult men. The protocols differed only in the period of sleep restriction; in one, sleep was restricted to a 3-hour block from 12:00 AM to 3:00 AM, and in the other, sleep was restricted to a block from 3:00 AM to 6:00 AM. Subjects in the earlier sleep restriction period showed a significantly lower percentage of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep after 4 days (17.0 vs. 25.7 %) and a longer latency to the onset of REM sleep (L-REM) after 1 day (78.8 vs. 45.5 min) than they did in the later sleep restriction period. Reaction times on PVT performance were also better (i.e. shorter) in the earlier SR period on day 4 (249.8 vs. 272 ms). These data support the view that earlier-night sleep may be more beneficial for daytime vigilance than later-night sleep. The study also showed that cumulative declines in daytime vigilance resulted from loss of total sleep time, rather than from specific stages, and underscored the reversibility of SR effects with greater amounts of sleep.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Novel evidence of the association between cognitive function (assessed via reaction time) and sleep restriction-related risks based on real-life since individual sleep schedules were personally determined is reported.

7 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Breaking up prolonged sitting with light-intensity walking did not affect postprandial glucose responses in sleep-restricted participants; however a small increase in slow-wave sleep was observed.
Abstract: This pilot study investigated the impact of breaking up prolonged sitting with light-intensity walking on postprandial glucose responses and sleep architecture. In a randomized, counterbalanced, crossover design, six healthy males completed a sitting condition and an active condition (sitting interrupted with light-intensity walking) for three consecutive days, following 5-h sleep opportunities at night. Postprandial glucose response and sleep (time spent in all stages) was assessed. Breaking up prolonged sitting with light-intensity walking did not affect postprandial glucose responses in sleep-restricted participants; however a small increase (~9 min) in slow-wave sleep was observed.

7 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that SDB during NREM has a significant impact on vigilance lapses compared to that of REM, and AHI duringNREM compared to A HI during REM (AHIREM) was significantly associated with PVT lapses.
Abstract: Although many studies have investigated the clinical importance of sleep apnea on rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep, the relationship between behavioral performance and apneic events during different sleep phases remains unclear. In the present study, we sought to investigate the effect of sleep phase fragmentation due to sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) during REM and NREM on the vigilance and sustainability of attention based on psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) performance. From a pool of subjects who underwent consecutive diagnostic polysomnography (PSG) for obstructive sleep apnea, 163 adult subjects with both REM and NREM sleep ≥ 30 min were enrolled for our study and performed a standardized 10-min PVT. The main outcome variables of the PVT were mean reaction time (RT), PVT Lapse count, and the slope of the reciprocal RT. Subjective sleepiness was measured using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). After multivariate linear regression analysis with adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, and the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of the counterpart sleep phase, we found that AHI during NREM (AHINREM) compared to AHI during REM (AHIREM) was significantly associated with PVT lapses. Our results suggest that SDB during NREM has a significant impact on vigilance lapses compared to that of REM.

7 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review tried to summarize the role of the circadian timing system and sleep on energy and metabolic homeostasis and explain the molecular and endocrine mechanisms behind circadian misalignment and sleep disorders that lead to metabolic disorders.
Abstract: The incidence of metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes is on the rise, and food quality is not alone to blame. Sleep disturbances, altered feeding time and circadian disruption are linked to metabolic disturbances in many clinical research studies and cross-sectional analyses. This review tried to summarize the role of the circadian timing system and sleep on energy and metabolic homeostasis. We also tried to explain the molecular and endocrine mechanisms behind circadian misalignment and sleep disorders that lead to metabolic disorders.

5 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results showed a systematic discrepancy between psychomotor performances and sleepiness levels, suggesting that the relationships between EEG power and subjective or behavioral outcomes might be related to total sleep duration rather than to the phasic predominance of REM or NREM sleep.
Abstract: We investigated effects of NREM and REM predominant sleep periods on sleepiness and psychomotor performances measured with visual analog scales and the psychomotor vigilance task, respectively. After one week of stable sleep-wake rhythms, 18 healthy sleepers slept 3hours of early sleep and 3hours of late sleep, under polysomnographic control, spaced by two hours of sustained wakefulness between sleep periods in a within subjects split-night, sleep interruption protocol. Power spectra analysis was applied for sleep EEG recordings and sleep phase-relative power proportions were computed for six different frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, sigma, beta and gamma). Both sleep periods presented with similar sleep duration and efficiency. As expected, phasic NREM and REM predominances were obtained for early and late sleep conditions, respectively. Albeit revealing additive effects of total sleep duration, our results showed a systematic discrepancy between psychomotor performances and sleepiness levels. In addition, sleepiness remained stable throughout sustained wakefulness during both conditions, whereas psychomotor performances even decreased after the second sleep period. Disregarding exchanges for frequency bands in NREM or stability in REM, correlations between outcome measures and EEG power proportions further evidenced directional divergence with respect to sleepiness and psychomotor performances, respectively. Showing that the functional correlation pattern changed with respect to early and late sleep condition, the relationships between EEG power and subjective or behavioral outcomes might however essentially be related to total sleep duration rather than to the phasic predominance of REM or NREM sleep. Language: en

4 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Techniques of recording, scoring, and doubtful records are carefully considered, and Recommendations for abbreviations, types of pictorial representation, order of polygraphic tracings are suggested.
Abstract: With the vast research interest in sleep and dreams that has developed in the past 15 years, there is increasing evidence of noncomparibility of scoring of nocturnal electroencephalograph-electroculograph records from different laboratories. In 1967 a special session on scoring criteria was held at the seventh annual meeting of the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep. Under the auspices of the UCLA Brain Information, an ad hoc committee composed of some of the most active current researchers was formed in 1967 to develop a terminology and scoring system for universal use. It is the results of the labors of this group that is now published under the imprimatur of the National Institutes of Health. The presentation is beautifully clear. Techniques of recording, scoring, and doubtful records are carefully considered. Recommendations for abbreviations, types of pictorial representation, order of polygraphic tracings are suggested.

8,001 citations


"Effects of different sleep restrict..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...For example, Elmenhorst et al. reported decreased non-REM (NREM) ‘lighter’ sleep stages (defined as NREM stages 1 and 2), but increased ‘deeper’ NREM sleep stages (defined as NREM stages 3 and 4) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in healthy males following reductions of sleep (from 8 to 5 hours)…...

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  • ...Polysomnographic recordings were analyzed by an experienced researcher following standard scoring criteria (Rechtschaffen and Kales 1968)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
15 Mar 2003-Sleep
TL;DR: It appears that even relatively moderate sleep restriction can seriously impair waking neurobehavioral functions in healthy adults, and sleep debt is perhaps best understood as resulting in additional wakefulness that has a neurobiological "cost" which accumulates over time.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To inform the debate over whether human sleep can be chronically reduced without consequences, we conducted a dose-response chronic sleep restriction experiment in which waking neurobehavioral and sleep physiological functions were monitored and compared to those for total sleep deprivation. DESIGN: The chronic sleep restriction experiment involved randomization to one of three sleep doses (4 h, 6 h, or 8 h time in bed per night), which were maintained for 14 consecutive days. The total sleep deprivation experiment involved 3 nights without sleep (0 h time in bed). Each study also involved 3 baseline (pre-deprivation) days and 3 recovery days. SETTING: Both experiments were conducted under standardized laboratory conditions with continuous behavioral, physiological and medical monitoring. PARTICIPANTS: A total of n = 48 healthy adults (ages 21-38) participated in the experiments. INTERVENTIONS: Noctumal sleep periods were restricted to 8 h, 6 h or 4 h per day for 14 days, or to 0 h for 3 days. All other sleep was prohibited. RESULTS: Chronic restriction of sleep periods to 4 h or 6 h per night over 14 consecutive days resulted in significant cumulative, dose-dependent deficits in cognitive performance on all tasks. Subjective sleepiness ratings showed an acute response to sleep restriction but only small further increases on subsequent days, and did not significantly differentiate the 6 h and 4 h conditions. Polysomnographic variables and delta power in the non-REM sleep EEG-a putative marker of sleep homeostasis--displayed an acute response to sleep restriction with negligible further changes across the 14 restricted nights. Comparison of chronic sleep restriction to total sleep deprivation showed that the latter resulted in disproportionately large waking neurobehavioral and sleep delta power responses relative to how much sleep was lost. A statistical model revealed that, regardless of the mode of sleep deprivation, lapses in behavioral alertness were near-linearly related to the cumulative duration of wakefulness in excess of 15.84 h (s.e. 0.73 h). CONCLUSIONS: Since chronic restriction of sleep to 6 h or less per night produced cognitive performance deficits equivalent to up to 2 nights of total sleep deprivation, it appears that even relatively moderate sleep restriction can seriously impair waking neurobehavioral functions in healthy adults. Sleepiness ratings suggest that subjects were largely unaware of these increasing cognitive deficits, which may explain why the impact of chronic sleep restriction on waking cognitive functions is often assumed to be benign. Physiological sleep responses to chronic restriction did not mirror waking neurobehavioral responses, but cumulative wakefulness in excess of a 15.84 h predicted performance lapses across all four experimental conditions. This suggests that sleep debt is perhaps best understood as resulting in additional wakefulness that has a neurobiological "cost" which accumulates over time.

2,694 citations


"Effects of different sleep restrict..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Other researchers proposed, however, that even mild sleep deprivation impairs cognition significantly (Banks and Dinges 2007, Belenky et al. 2003, Elmenhorst et al. 2008, Van Dongen et al. 2003)....

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