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Journal Article•DOI•

Effects of different sleep restriction protocols on sleep architecture and daytime vigilance in healthy men.

H Wu1, William S. Stone, Xiaolu Hsi, J Zhuang, L Huang, Y Yin, L Zhang, Z Zhao1 •
Second Military Medical University1
01 Jan 2010-Physiological Research (Physiol Res)-Vol. 59, Iss: 5, pp 821-829
TL;DR: The study showed that cumulative declines in daytime vigilance resulted from loss of total sleep time, rather than from specific stages, and underscored the reversibility of SR effects with greater amounts of sleep.
Abstract: Sleep is regulated by complex biological systems and environmental influences, neither of which is fully clarified. This study demonstrates differential effects of partial sleep deprivation (SD) on sleep architecture and psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) performance using two different protocols (sequentially) that each restricted daily sleep to 3 hours in healthy adult men. The protocols differed only in the period of sleep restriction; in one, sleep was restricted to a 3-hour block from 12:00 AM to 3:00 AM, and in the other, sleep was restricted to a block from 3:00 AM to 6:00 AM. Subjects in the earlier sleep restriction period showed a significantly lower percentage of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep after 4 days (17.0 vs. 25.7 %) and a longer latency to the onset of REM sleep (L-REM) after 1 day (78.8 vs. 45.5 min) than they did in the later sleep restriction period. Reaction times on PVT performance were also better (i.e. shorter) in the earlier SR period on day 4 (249.8 vs. 272 ms). These data support the view that earlier-night sleep may be more beneficial for daytime vigilance than later-night sleep. The study also showed that cumulative declines in daytime vigilance resulted from loss of total sleep time, rather than from specific stages, and underscored the reversibility of SR effects with greater amounts of sleep.

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Citations
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Journal Article•DOI•
The neurocognitive consequences of sleep restriction: A meta-analytic review.

[...]

Cassandra J. Lowe1, Adrian B. Safati1, Peter A. Hall1•
University of Waterloo1
01 Sep 2017-Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
TL;DR: The current meta‐analysis is the first comprehensive review to provide evidence that short‐term sleep restriction significantly impairs waking neurocognitive functioning.

258 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Sleep Deprivation and Error in Nurses Who Work the Night Shift

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Arlene L. Johnson1, Lorena Jung1, Kathleen C. Brown2, Michael T. Weaver, Kathy C. Richards3 •
Douglass Residential College1, University of Alabama at Birmingham2, George Mason University3
01 Jan 2014-Journal of Nursing Administration
TL;DR: Investigation of the relationship between sleep deprivation and occupational and patient care errors among staff nurses who work the night shift found improved sleep among night shift nurses will reduce the impact of sleep deprivation on patient Care errors.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sleep deprivation and occupational and patient care errors among staff nurses who work the night shift.BACKGROUND:Whereas the aviation and trucking industries report that sleep deprivation increases errors, few studies have

127 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Chronobiology, endocrinology, and energy- and food-reward homeostasis

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Hanne K J Gonnissen1, T. Hulshof, Margriet S. Westerterp-Plantenga1•
Maastricht University1
01 May 2013-Obesity Reviews
TL;DR: A reduced sleep duration, quality sleep and rapid‐eye movement sleep affect substrate oxidation, leptin and ghrelin concentrations, sleeping metabolic rate, appetite, food reward, hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA)‐axis activity, and gut‐peptide concentrations, enhancing a positive energy balance.
Abstract: Energy- and food-reward homeostasis is the essential component for maintaining energy balance and its disruption may lead to metabolic disorders, including obesity and diabetes. Circadian alignment, quality sleep and sleep architecture in relation to energy- and food-reward homeostasis are crucial. A reduced sleep duration, quality sleep and rapid-eye movement sleep affect substrate oxidation, leptin and ghrelin concentrations, sleeping metabolic rate, appetite, food reward, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis activity, and gut-peptide concentrations, enhancing a positive energy balance. Circadian misalignment affects sleep architecture and the glucose-insulin metabolism, substrate oxidation, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, leptin concentrations and HPA-axis activity. Mood disorders such as depression occur; reduced dopaminergic neuronal signaling shows decreased food reward. A good sleep hygiene, together with circadian alignment of food intake, a regular meal frequency, and attention for protein intake or diets, contributes in curing sleep abnormalities and overweight/obesity features by preventing overeating; normalizing substrate oxidation, stress, insulin and glucose metabolism including HOMA-IR index, and leptin, GLP-1 concentrations, lipid metabolism, appetite, energy expenditure and substrate oxidation; and normalizing food reward. Synchrony between circadian and metabolic processes including meal patterns plays an important role in the regulation of energy balance and body-weight control. Additive effects of circadian alignment including meal patterns, sleep restoration, and protein diets in the treatment of overweight and obesity are suggested.

82 citations

Cites background from "Effects of different sleep restrict..."

  • ...during the circadian nadir, is important in protecting normal physiological rhythms and function of the HPA axis (76)....

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  • ...Increased REM sleep during both a phase advance and a phase delay is not favourable (24,28,69–74), because this results in a relatively shorter REM sleep duration during the second part of the night, associated with higher cortisol concentrations, higher fasting insulin concentrations and a higher homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index (48,50,75,76)....

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Journal Article•DOI•
Sleep Architecture When Sleeping at an Unusual Circadian Time and Associations with Insulin Sensitivity

[...]

Hanne K J Gonnissen1, Claire Mazuy1, Femke Rutters1, Eveline A. P. Martens1, Tanja C. Adam1, Margriet S. Westerterp-Plantenga1 •
Maastricht University1
08 Aug 2013-PLOS ONE
TL;DR: Circadian misalignment, both a phase advance and a phase delay, significantly changed sleep architecture and resulted in a shift in rem sleep, which was associated with dysregulation of the HPA-axis and reduced insulin sensitivity.
Abstract: Circadian misalignment affects total sleep time, but it may also affect sleep architecture. The objectives of this study were to examine intra-individual effects of circadian misalignment on sleep architecture and inter-individual relationships between sleep stages, cortisol levels and insulin sensitivity. Thirteen subjects (7 men, 6 women, age: 24.3±2.5 y; BMI: 23.6±1.7 kg/m2) stayed in a time blinded respiration chamber during three light-entrained circadian cycles (3x21h and 3x27h) resulting in a phase advance and a phase delay. Sleep was polysomnographically recorded. Blood and salivary samples were collected to determine glucose, insulin and cortisol concentrations. Intra-individually, a phase advance decreased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and slow-wave sleep (SWS), increased time awake, decreased sleep and REM sleep latency compared to the 24h cycle. A phase delay increased REM sleep, decreased stage 2 sleep, increased time awake, decreased sleep and REM sleep latency compared to the 24h cycle. Moreover, circadian misalignment changed REM sleep distribution with a relatively shorter REM sleep during the second part of the night. Inter-individually, REM sleep was inversely associated with cortisol levels and HOMA-IR index. Circadian misalignment, both a phase advance and a phase delay, significantly changed sleep architecture and resulted in a shift in rem sleep. Inter-individually, shorter REM sleep during the second part of the night was associated with dysregulation of the HPA-axis and reduced insulin sensitivity. Trial Registration: International Clinical Trials Registry Platform NTR2926 http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/

42 citations

Cites background from "Effects of different sleep restrict..."

  • ...Moreover, inter-individual relationships between different sleep stages and cortisol concentrations, as an indicator of HPA-axis activity, and the fasted HOMA-IR index, as an indicator of insulin sensitivity, were investigated....

    [...]

  • ...Wu et al. already showed that sleep at the 03:00-06:00 period, during the circadian nadir, is important in protecting normal physiological rhythms and function of the HPA-axis [30]....

    [...]

  • ...Inter-individually, shorter REM sleep during the second part of the night was associated with dysregulation of the HPA-axis, as indicated by increased cortisol concentrations, and reduced insulin sensitivity....

    [...]

  • ...Inter-individual relationships between sleep architecture, cortisol levels and HOMA-IR index Possible changes in cortisol concentrations, as an indicator of HPA-axis activity were observed as follows....

    [...]

  • ...Inter-individually, shorter REM sleep during the second part of the night was associated with dysregulation of the HPA-axis and reduced insulin sensitivity....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Sleep, circadian rhythm and body weight: parallel developments.

[...]

Margriet S. Westerterp-Plantenga1•
Maastricht University1
27 Apr 2016
TL;DR: A consistent inverse association between habitual sleep duration and body-weight development occurs, independent of possible confounders as discussed by the authors, and the overall effect of the amplitude and stability of the circadian rhythm, perhaps including genetic predisposition, may integrate the separate effects in an additive way.
Abstract: Circadian alignment is crucial for body-weight management, and for metabolic health. In this context, circadian alignment consists of alignment of sleep, meal patterns and physical activity. During puberty a significant reduction in sleep duration occurs, and pubertal status is inversely associated with sleep duration. A consistent inverse association between habitual sleep duration and body-weight development occurs, independent of possible confounders. Research on misalignment reveals that circadian misalignment affects sleep-architecture and subsequently disturbs glucose-insulin metabolism, substrate oxidation, leptin- and ghrelin concentrations, appetite, food reward, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis activity and gut-peptide concentrations enhancing positive energy balance and metabolic disturbance. Not only aligning meals and sleep in a circadian way is crucial, also regular physical activity during the day strongly promotes the stability and amplitude of circadian rhythm, and thus may serve as an instrument to restore poor circadian rhythms. Endogenicity may play a role in interaction of these environmental variables with a genetic predisposition. In conclusion, notwithstanding the separate favourable effects of sufficient daily physical activity, regular meal patterns, sufficient sleep duration and quality sleep on energy balance, the overall effect of the amplitude and stability of the circadian rhythm, perhaps including genetic predisposition, may integrate the separate effects in an additive way.

37 citations

Cites background from "Effects of different sleep restrict..."

  • ...Sleep during the circadian nadir (03.00–06.00 hours), is important in protecting normal physiological rhythms and function of the HPA-axis(74)....

    [...]

  • ...When sleep architecture is affected by circadian misalignment, it affects substrate oxidation, leptin- and ghrelin concentrations, appetite, food reward, HPA-axis activity and gutpeptide concentrations as such, that a positive energy balance is enhanced....

    [...]

  • ...Increased REM sleep during both a phase advance and a phase delay is not favourable, because this results in a relatively shorter REM sleep duration during the second part of the night, associated with higher cortisol concentrations, higher fasting insulin concentrations, and a higher HOMA-IR index((44,64,73,74))....

    [...]

  • ...Taken together, a reduced sleep-duration, and reduced QS affect substrate oxidation, leptin- and ghrelin concentrations, sleeping metabolic rate, appetite, food reward, HPA-axis activity, gut-peptide concentrations as such, that a positive energy balance is enhanced, which increases the risk for overweight....

    [...]

  • ...00 hours), is important in protecting normal physiological rhythms and function of the HPA-axis((74))....

    [...]

References
More filters
Journal Article•DOI•
Circadian and sleep/wake dependent aspects of subjective alertness and cognitive performance.

[...]

Derk-Jan Dijk1, Jeanne F. Duffy1, Charles A. Czeisler1•
Brigham and Women's Hospital1
01 Jun 1992-Journal of Sleep Research
TL;DR: It was revealed that prior wakefulness within a range of 0–18 h significantly reduced alertness and performance and that the circadian rhythm of core body temperature paralleled the circadian Rhythm of alerts and performance.
Abstract: Circadian and sleep/wake dependent processes underlying variations in subjective alertness and cognitive performance were assessed in a constant routine protocol and in a protocol in which the sleep/wake cycle was uncoupled from the output of the endogenous circadian pacemaker In the latter protocol, the contribution of a sleep/wake dependent process and a circadian process to alertness and performance were separated by folding the data at either the period of the sleep/wake cycle or at the period of the endogenous circadian body temperature rhythm This analysis revealed that prior wakefulness within a range of 0-18 h significantly reduced alertness and performance and that the circadian rhythm of core body temperature paralleled the circadian rhythm of alertness and performance During the first 16 h of the constant routine protocol, which coincided with the subjects' habitual period of wakefulness, alertness and performance remained at a stable level The latter finding was explained by assuming that during our usual waking day the circadian system counteracts the detrimental effects of increasing duration of prior wakefulness

582 citations

"Effects of different sleep restrict..." refers background in this paper

  • ...It is thus a likely biological nadir for these subjects (Dijk et al. 1992), and a time when they may be relatively vulnerable to conditions that impair vigilance....

    [...]

  • ...We reported previously that early morning hormonal levels (i.e. cortisol) differed according to the timing of the sleep restriction period, with larger reductions in cortisol associated with a 3-hour sleep restriction period earlier in the night (Wu et al. 2008)....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
We are chronically sleep deprived

[...]

Michael H. Bonnet1, Donna L. Arand2•
Wright State University1, Kettering Medical Center2
01 Dec 1995-Sleep
TL;DR: Data show that significant sleep loss exists in one-third or more of normal adults, that the effects are large and replicable and that similar effects can be produced in just 1 night in the laboratory.
Abstract: Summary: Data from recent laboratory studies indicate that nocturnal sleep periods reduced by as little as 1.3 to 1.5 hours for 1 night result in reduction of daytime alertness by as much as 32% as measured by the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT). Other data document that 1) 170/0--57% of normal young adults have MSLT latencies of ::;5.5 minutes, whereas ::;50% have MSLT values of ~ 10 minutes and 2) 28°/0--29% of young adults reported normally sleeping ::;6.5 hours on each weeknight. More extensive reduction of daily sleep amount is seen in night­ shift workers. A minimum of 2%-4% of middle-aged adults have hypersomnolence associated with sleep apnea. Together, these data show that significant sleep loss exists in one-third or more of normal adults, that the effects are large and replicable and that similar effects can be produced in just I night in the laboratory. In light of the magnitude of this sleep debt, it is not surprising that fatigue is a factor in 57% of accidents leading to the death of a truck driver and in 10% of fatal car accidents and results in costs of up to 56 billion dollars per year. A recent sleep extension study suggests that the average underlying sleep tendency in young adults is about 8.5 hours per night. By comparison, the average reported sleep length of 7.2-7.4 hours is deficient, and common sleep lengths of ::;6.5 hours can be disastrous. We must recognize the alertness function of sleep and the increasing consequences of sleepiness with the same vigor that we have come to recognize the societal impact of alcohol. Key Words: Sleep deprivation-Sleepiness-Sleep disorders- Work schedule tolerance. Weare in the midst of a golden age of discovery of the intricate interrelationship between our nocturnal sleep process and our level of daytime function. Fueled by the discovery of the tremendous incidence of sleep apnea and periodic leg movements in the population, the relationship between fragmented sleep and residual sleepiness, as well as the increased ability to measure the level of objective sleepiness with an objective test [the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT)] and in am­ bulatory environments, the pervasive role of excessive sleepiness in our society is becoming apparent. Much literature documents the negative effects of sleep deprivation on a wide range of psychomotor per­ formance tasks and mood variables. For the sake of simplicity, the primary outcome measure reported in this paper will be MSL T. However, the MSL T findings reported are consistent with similar changes in a broad range of abilities, including reaction time, short-term memory, vigilance and mood (1). Many empirical and applied studies have provided evidence for our national sleep debt. The degree of our

483 citations

"Effects of different sleep restrict..." refers background in this paper

  • ...…of different sleep restriction protocols on sleep architecture and daytime vigilance in healthy men Huijuan Wu1, William S. Stone2†, Xiaolu Hsi3,4, Jianhua Zhuang1, Liuqing Huang1, You Yin1, Lin Zhang1, Zhongxin Zhao1* 1Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience and MOE Key Laboratory…...

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  • ...Effects of different sleep restriction protocols on sleep architecture and daytime vigilance in healthy men Huijuan Wu1, William S. Stone2†, Xiaolu Hsi3,4, Jianhua Zhuang1, Liuqing Huang1, You Yin1, Lin Zhang1, Zhongxin Zhao1* 1Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience and MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neuroscience Research Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China 2 Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School Departments of Psychiatry, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA 3Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance / Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Age, performance and sleep deprivation.

[...]

Pierre Philip, Jacques Taillard, Patricia Sagaspe1, Cédric Valtat, Montserrat Sanchez-Ortuno, Nicholas Moore1, Anthony Charles1, Bernard Bioulac •
University of Bordeaux1
01 Jun 2004-Journal of Sleep Research
TL;DR: Variations of reaction time (RT), a fundamental prerequisite for safe performing, as measured by lapses, were studied and sleepiness and self‐perception of performance were equally affected in both age groups showing different perception of performance in the age groups.
Abstract: Young subjects are frequently involved in sleep-related accidents. They could be more affected than older drivers by sleep loss and therefore worsen their driving skills quicker, or have a different perception of their level of impairment. To test these hypotheses we studied variations of reaction time (RT), a fundamental prerequisite for safe performing, as measured by lapses, i.e. responses > or = 500 ms and self-assessment of performance and sleepiness after a night awake and after a night asleep in a balanced crossover design in young versus older healthy subjects. Ten young (20-25 years old) and 10 older volunteers (52-63 years old) were tested with and without 24 h of sleep deprivation. Without sleep deprivation, RTs were slower in older subjects than in the younger ones. However, after sleep deprivation, the RTs of young subjects increased while that of the older subjects remained almost unaffected. Sleepiness and self-perception of performance were equally affected in both age groups showing different perception of performance in the age groups. Our findings are discussed in terms of vulnerability to sleep-related accidents.

186 citations

"Effects of different sleep restrict..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Fourteen healthy, adult Han Chinese males [mean age of 22.1±1.1 years] were recruited from a military medical university in China, in part to minimize heterogeneity due to gender or age differences (Philip et al. 2004)....

    [...]

  • ...This study demonstrates differential effects of partial sleep deprivation (SD) on sleep architecture and psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) in two protocols that restricted daily sleep to 3-hour, sleep restriction (SR) periods in healthy, adult men....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Effect of partial sleep deprivation on sleep stages and EEG power spectra: evidence for non-REM and REM sleep homeostasis.

[...]

Daniel P. Brunner1, Derk-Jan Dijk1, Irene Tobler1, Alexander A. Borbély1•
University of Zurich1
01 Jun 1990-Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology
TL;DR: It is shown that the moderate reduction of slow wave energy in the deprivation nights induces only a minor enhancement ofSlow wave activity during recovery sleep; and that a REM sleep deficit gives rise to an immediate rebound when 'slow wave pressure' is low.

171 citations

"Effects of different sleep restrict..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Nocturnal sleep is artificially divided into two parts: earlier-night sleep that is rich in SWS, and later-night sleep that is rich in REM sleep (Brunner et al. 1990)....

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  • ...…of the Ministry of Health, General Logistics Department of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (07BJZ06), the Shanghai Science and Technology Development Foundation (08411950700) and Medicine Importance Foundation (09DZ1950400) from Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
The effects of a chronic limitation of sleep length.

[...]

Wilse B. Webb1, And H. W. Agnew1•
University of Florida1
01 May 1974-Psychophysiology
TL;DR: It is suggested that a chronic loss of sleep as much as 2 1/2 hours a night is not likely to result in major behavioral consequences and the mood scales showed no changes associated with continuing to sleep 5 1/5 hrs a night.
Abstract: Fifteen male subjects (Ss) were studied once each week while on a sleep regime of 5 1/2 hrs of sleep a night for 60 days. The electroencephalogram and electro-oculogram were recorded in the laboratory once each week. Performance was measured each week using the Wilkinson Vigilance Task, the Wilkinson Addition Test, and a word memory test, and grip strength was measured using a hand dynomometer. The Zung Depression Scale and the Gough Adjective Check List were used to measure mood. The Ss completed a sleep log on a daily basis. The effect on sleep of the restricted regime was to initially increase the absolute amount of stage 4 sleep. But by the 5th week of the study the stage 4 amount decreased to near baseline levels. The initial effect on REM sleep was to sharply reduce this type of sleep when compared with baseline values. During the course of the experiment there was a REM deprivation of some 25% of baseline values and 30 min in absolute amount. During the course of the experiment the latency to the onset of the first stage 4 and the latency to the first REM period were reduced. Only the Wilkinson Vigilance Task showed a decline in performance associated with continued restricted sleep. The sleep logs revealed that initially the Ss experienced difficulty in arousing from sleep in the morning and felt drowsy during the day, but these effects did not continue throughout the experiment. The mood scales showed no changes associated with continuing to sleep 5 1/5 hrs a night. These findings suggest that a chronic loss of sleep as much as 2 1/2 hours a night is not likely to result in major behavioral consequences.

167 citations

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