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Journal Article•DOI•

Effects of different sleep restriction protocols on sleep architecture and daytime vigilance in healthy men.

H Wu1, William S. Stone, Xiaolu Hsi, J Zhuang, L Huang, Y Yin, L Zhang, Z Zhao1 •
Second Military Medical University1
01 Jan 2010-Physiological Research (Physiol Res)-Vol. 59, Iss: 5, pp 821-829
TL;DR: The study showed that cumulative declines in daytime vigilance resulted from loss of total sleep time, rather than from specific stages, and underscored the reversibility of SR effects with greater amounts of sleep.
Abstract: Sleep is regulated by complex biological systems and environmental influences, neither of which is fully clarified. This study demonstrates differential effects of partial sleep deprivation (SD) on sleep architecture and psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) performance using two different protocols (sequentially) that each restricted daily sleep to 3 hours in healthy adult men. The protocols differed only in the period of sleep restriction; in one, sleep was restricted to a 3-hour block from 12:00 AM to 3:00 AM, and in the other, sleep was restricted to a block from 3:00 AM to 6:00 AM. Subjects in the earlier sleep restriction period showed a significantly lower percentage of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep after 4 days (17.0 vs. 25.7 %) and a longer latency to the onset of REM sleep (L-REM) after 1 day (78.8 vs. 45.5 min) than they did in the later sleep restriction period. Reaction times on PVT performance were also better (i.e. shorter) in the earlier SR period on day 4 (249.8 vs. 272 ms). These data support the view that earlier-night sleep may be more beneficial for daytime vigilance than later-night sleep. The study also showed that cumulative declines in daytime vigilance resulted from loss of total sleep time, rather than from specific stages, and underscored the reversibility of SR effects with greater amounts of sleep.

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Citations
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Journal Article•DOI•
The neurocognitive consequences of sleep restriction: A meta-analytic review.

[...]

Cassandra J. Lowe1, Adrian B. Safati1, Peter A. Hall1•
University of Waterloo1
01 Sep 2017-Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
TL;DR: The current meta‐analysis is the first comprehensive review to provide evidence that short‐term sleep restriction significantly impairs waking neurocognitive functioning.

258 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Sleep Deprivation and Error in Nurses Who Work the Night Shift

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Arlene L. Johnson1, Lorena Jung1, Kathleen C. Brown2, Michael T. Weaver, Kathy C. Richards3 •
Douglass Residential College1, University of Alabama at Birmingham2, George Mason University3
01 Jan 2014-Journal of Nursing Administration
TL;DR: Investigation of the relationship between sleep deprivation and occupational and patient care errors among staff nurses who work the night shift found improved sleep among night shift nurses will reduce the impact of sleep deprivation on patient Care errors.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sleep deprivation and occupational and patient care errors among staff nurses who work the night shift.BACKGROUND:Whereas the aviation and trucking industries report that sleep deprivation increases errors, few studies have

127 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Chronobiology, endocrinology, and energy- and food-reward homeostasis

[...]

Hanne K J Gonnissen1, T. Hulshof, Margriet S. Westerterp-Plantenga1•
Maastricht University1
01 May 2013-Obesity Reviews
TL;DR: A reduced sleep duration, quality sleep and rapid‐eye movement sleep affect substrate oxidation, leptin and ghrelin concentrations, sleeping metabolic rate, appetite, food reward, hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA)‐axis activity, and gut‐peptide concentrations, enhancing a positive energy balance.
Abstract: Energy- and food-reward homeostasis is the essential component for maintaining energy balance and its disruption may lead to metabolic disorders, including obesity and diabetes. Circadian alignment, quality sleep and sleep architecture in relation to energy- and food-reward homeostasis are crucial. A reduced sleep duration, quality sleep and rapid-eye movement sleep affect substrate oxidation, leptin and ghrelin concentrations, sleeping metabolic rate, appetite, food reward, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis activity, and gut-peptide concentrations, enhancing a positive energy balance. Circadian misalignment affects sleep architecture and the glucose-insulin metabolism, substrate oxidation, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, leptin concentrations and HPA-axis activity. Mood disorders such as depression occur; reduced dopaminergic neuronal signaling shows decreased food reward. A good sleep hygiene, together with circadian alignment of food intake, a regular meal frequency, and attention for protein intake or diets, contributes in curing sleep abnormalities and overweight/obesity features by preventing overeating; normalizing substrate oxidation, stress, insulin and glucose metabolism including HOMA-IR index, and leptin, GLP-1 concentrations, lipid metabolism, appetite, energy expenditure and substrate oxidation; and normalizing food reward. Synchrony between circadian and metabolic processes including meal patterns plays an important role in the regulation of energy balance and body-weight control. Additive effects of circadian alignment including meal patterns, sleep restoration, and protein diets in the treatment of overweight and obesity are suggested.

82 citations

Cites background from "Effects of different sleep restrict..."

  • ...during the circadian nadir, is important in protecting normal physiological rhythms and function of the HPA axis (76)....

    [...]

  • ...Increased REM sleep during both a phase advance and a phase delay is not favourable (24,28,69–74), because this results in a relatively shorter REM sleep duration during the second part of the night, associated with higher cortisol concentrations, higher fasting insulin concentrations and a higher homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index (48,50,75,76)....

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Journal Article•DOI•
Sleep Architecture When Sleeping at an Unusual Circadian Time and Associations with Insulin Sensitivity

[...]

Hanne K J Gonnissen1, Claire Mazuy1, Femke Rutters1, Eveline A. P. Martens1, Tanja C. Adam1, Margriet S. Westerterp-Plantenga1 •
Maastricht University1
08 Aug 2013-PLOS ONE
TL;DR: Circadian misalignment, both a phase advance and a phase delay, significantly changed sleep architecture and resulted in a shift in rem sleep, which was associated with dysregulation of the HPA-axis and reduced insulin sensitivity.
Abstract: Circadian misalignment affects total sleep time, but it may also affect sleep architecture. The objectives of this study were to examine intra-individual effects of circadian misalignment on sleep architecture and inter-individual relationships between sleep stages, cortisol levels and insulin sensitivity. Thirteen subjects (7 men, 6 women, age: 24.3±2.5 y; BMI: 23.6±1.7 kg/m2) stayed in a time blinded respiration chamber during three light-entrained circadian cycles (3x21h and 3x27h) resulting in a phase advance and a phase delay. Sleep was polysomnographically recorded. Blood and salivary samples were collected to determine glucose, insulin and cortisol concentrations. Intra-individually, a phase advance decreased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and slow-wave sleep (SWS), increased time awake, decreased sleep and REM sleep latency compared to the 24h cycle. A phase delay increased REM sleep, decreased stage 2 sleep, increased time awake, decreased sleep and REM sleep latency compared to the 24h cycle. Moreover, circadian misalignment changed REM sleep distribution with a relatively shorter REM sleep during the second part of the night. Inter-individually, REM sleep was inversely associated with cortisol levels and HOMA-IR index. Circadian misalignment, both a phase advance and a phase delay, significantly changed sleep architecture and resulted in a shift in rem sleep. Inter-individually, shorter REM sleep during the second part of the night was associated with dysregulation of the HPA-axis and reduced insulin sensitivity. Trial Registration: International Clinical Trials Registry Platform NTR2926 http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/

42 citations

Cites background from "Effects of different sleep restrict..."

  • ...Moreover, inter-individual relationships between different sleep stages and cortisol concentrations, as an indicator of HPA-axis activity, and the fasted HOMA-IR index, as an indicator of insulin sensitivity, were investigated....

    [...]

  • ...Wu et al. already showed that sleep at the 03:00-06:00 period, during the circadian nadir, is important in protecting normal physiological rhythms and function of the HPA-axis [30]....

    [...]

  • ...Inter-individually, shorter REM sleep during the second part of the night was associated with dysregulation of the HPA-axis, as indicated by increased cortisol concentrations, and reduced insulin sensitivity....

    [...]

  • ...Inter-individual relationships between sleep architecture, cortisol levels and HOMA-IR index Possible changes in cortisol concentrations, as an indicator of HPA-axis activity were observed as follows....

    [...]

  • ...Inter-individually, shorter REM sleep during the second part of the night was associated with dysregulation of the HPA-axis and reduced insulin sensitivity....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Sleep, circadian rhythm and body weight: parallel developments.

[...]

Margriet S. Westerterp-Plantenga1•
Maastricht University1
27 Apr 2016
TL;DR: A consistent inverse association between habitual sleep duration and body-weight development occurs, independent of possible confounders as discussed by the authors, and the overall effect of the amplitude and stability of the circadian rhythm, perhaps including genetic predisposition, may integrate the separate effects in an additive way.
Abstract: Circadian alignment is crucial for body-weight management, and for metabolic health. In this context, circadian alignment consists of alignment of sleep, meal patterns and physical activity. During puberty a significant reduction in sleep duration occurs, and pubertal status is inversely associated with sleep duration. A consistent inverse association between habitual sleep duration and body-weight development occurs, independent of possible confounders. Research on misalignment reveals that circadian misalignment affects sleep-architecture and subsequently disturbs glucose-insulin metabolism, substrate oxidation, leptin- and ghrelin concentrations, appetite, food reward, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis activity and gut-peptide concentrations enhancing positive energy balance and metabolic disturbance. Not only aligning meals and sleep in a circadian way is crucial, also regular physical activity during the day strongly promotes the stability and amplitude of circadian rhythm, and thus may serve as an instrument to restore poor circadian rhythms. Endogenicity may play a role in interaction of these environmental variables with a genetic predisposition. In conclusion, notwithstanding the separate favourable effects of sufficient daily physical activity, regular meal patterns, sufficient sleep duration and quality sleep on energy balance, the overall effect of the amplitude and stability of the circadian rhythm, perhaps including genetic predisposition, may integrate the separate effects in an additive way.

37 citations

Cites background from "Effects of different sleep restrict..."

  • ...Sleep during the circadian nadir (03.00–06.00 hours), is important in protecting normal physiological rhythms and function of the HPA-axis(74)....

    [...]

  • ...When sleep architecture is affected by circadian misalignment, it affects substrate oxidation, leptin- and ghrelin concentrations, appetite, food reward, HPA-axis activity and gutpeptide concentrations as such, that a positive energy balance is enhanced....

    [...]

  • ...Increased REM sleep during both a phase advance and a phase delay is not favourable, because this results in a relatively shorter REM sleep duration during the second part of the night, associated with higher cortisol concentrations, higher fasting insulin concentrations, and a higher HOMA-IR index((44,64,73,74))....

    [...]

  • ...Taken together, a reduced sleep-duration, and reduced QS affect substrate oxidation, leptin- and ghrelin concentrations, sleeping metabolic rate, appetite, food reward, HPA-axis activity, gut-peptide concentrations as such, that a positive energy balance is enhanced, which increases the risk for overweight....

    [...]

  • ...00 hours), is important in protecting normal physiological rhythms and function of the HPA-axis((74))....

    [...]

References
More filters
Journal Article•DOI•
Thermoregulatory effects of melatonin in relation to sleepiness

[...]

Kurt Kräuchi, Christian Cajochen, Mona Pache, Josef Flammer, Anna Wirz-Justice 
01 Jan 2006-Chronobiology International
TL;DR: Using a cold thermic challenge test, it was shown that melatonin‐induced sleepiness occurs in parallel with reduction in the thermoregulatory set‐point (threshold); thus, melatonin may act as a circadian modulator of the therMoregulatoryset‐point.
Abstract: Thermoregulatory processes have long been implicated in the initiation of human sleep. In this paper, we review our own studies conducted over the last decade showing a crucial role for melatonin as a mediator between the thermoregulatory and arousal system in humans. Distal heat loss, via increased skin temperature, seems to be intimately coupled with increased sleepiness and sleep induction. Exogenous melatonin administration during the day when melatonin is essentially absent mimics the endogenous thermophysiological processes occurring in the evening and induces sleepiness. Using a cold thermic challenge test, it was shown that melatonin-induced sleepiness occurs in parallel with reduction in the thermoregulatory set-point (threshold); thus, melatonin may act as a circadian modulator of the thermoregulatory set-point. In addition, an orthostatic challenge can partially block the melatonin-induced effects, suggesting an important role of the sympathetic nervous system as a link between the thermoregulatory and arousal systems. A topographical analysis of finger skin temperature with infrared thermometry revealed that the most distal parts of the fingers, i.e., fingertips, represent the important skin regions for heat loss regulation, most probably via opening the arteriovenous anastomoses, and this is clearly potentiated by melatonin. Taken together, melatonin is involved in the fine-tuning of vascular tone in selective vascular beds, as circulating melatonin levels rise and fall throughout the night. Besides the role of melatonin as "nature's soporific", it can also serve as nature's nocturnal vascular modulator.

138 citations

"Effects of different sleep restrict..." refers background in this paper

  • ...…of the Ministry of Health, General Logistics Department of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (07BJZ06), the Shanghai Science and Technology Development Foundation (08411950700) and Medicine Importance Foundation (09DZ1950400) from Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality....

    [...]

  • ...These later rhythms are shorter than circadian rhythms, and are hypothesized to influence 90-min cycle of NREM and REM sleep during the night (Capitani et al. 2005, Kräuchi et al. 2006)....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Short-term total sleep deprivations does not selectively impair higher cortical functioning.

[...]

Paul G. Binks1, William F. Waters1, Mark Hurry1•
Louisiana State University1
01 May 1999-Sleep
TL;DR: Performance on an intelligence test, a test of sustained attention and tests designed to measure higher cortical function were compared in a group of 29 subjects who underwent 34-36 hours of continuous sleep deprivation and 32 normal sleeping control subjects and no significant group performance differences in the hypothesized direction were noted.
Abstract: Previous research has shown that total sleep deprivation produces impairment in sustained attention and vigilance especially if the deprivation period is greater than 48 hours. However little is known about the effects of sleep deprivation on performance of tasks considered to be measures of higher cortical functioning such as tests of cognitive flexibility and the capacity to shift from one response set to another. One current hypothesis is that sleep deprivation of a shorter duration (34-36 hours) adversely affects higher cortical function while effects on attention and vigilance tasks are relatively mild. Performance on an intelligence test, a test of sustained attention and tests designed to measure higher cortical function were compared in a group of 29 subjects who underwent 34-36 hours of continuous sleep deprivation and 32 normal sleeping control subjects. No significant group performance differences in the hypothesized direction were noted on any measure. One night of total sleep deprivation does not appear to impair performance on tasks that are designed to assess higher cortical functioning.

131 citations

"Effects of different sleep restrict..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Some researchers have proposed that mild sleep restriction does not significantly affect vigilance (Binks et al. 1999)....

    [...]

  • ...…of the Ministry of Health, General Logistics Department of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (07BJZ06), the Shanghai Science and Technology Development Foundation (08411950700) and Medicine Importance Foundation (09DZ1950400) from Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Sleepiness enhances distraction during a monotonous task.

[...]

Clare Anderson1, James Horne1•
Loughborough University1
01 Apr 2006-Sleep
TL;DR: There was a significant increase in both head turns and lapses during sleep restriction plus distraction, and sleepiness also increased head turns even during no distraction, which has relevance to safety in the real world, eg, sleepy driving.
Abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVES: Although sleepiness appears to heighten distraction from the task at hand, especially if the latter is dull and monotonous, this aspect of sleep loss has not been assessed in any systematic way. Distractions are a potential cause of performance lapses (as are micro-sleeps). Here, we investigate the effects of sleepiness on a monotonous task, with and without distraction. DESIGN: Repeated Measures 2 x 2 counterbalanced design, comprising Sleepiness (night sleep restricted to 5 hours x normal sleep) and Distraction (distraction x no distraction). SETTING: Participants underwent 30-minute sessions on the Psychomotor Vigilance Test (2:00 PM - 3:10 PM), with or without an attractive distraction to be ignored, under normal and sleep-restricted conditions. PARTICIPANTS: Sixteen healthy young adults (mean age 21.10 years; 21-25 years [8 men; 8 women]) without any sleep or medical problems and without any indication of daytime sleepiness. INTERVENTIONS: Normal sleep versus sleep restricted to 5 hours and distraction versus no distraction. Distraction comprised a television in the visual periphery, showing an attractive video that had to be ignored. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Psychomotor Vigilance Test performance was monitored, as were the participants' head turns toward the television via videocameras. There was a significant increase in both head turns and lapses during sleep restriction plus distraction. Moreover, sleepiness also increased head turns even during no distraction. Distracting effects of sleepiness were clearly evident during the initial 10 minutes of testing. CONCLUSIONS: Distractibility is an important aspect of sleepiness, which has relevance to safety in the real world, eg, sleepy driving. Keywords: Driver distraction Language: en

98 citations

"Effects of different sleep restrict..." refers background in this paper

  • ...In the current study, polysomnographic recordings were obtained to determine whether earlier-night and later-night sleep restriction differ in their effects on sleep architecture and on a measure of daytime vigilance (Anderson and Horne 2006)....

    [...]

  • ...…Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neuroscience Research Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China Tel: +86-21-8188-5451; Fax: +86-21-8188-5451 Email: zhongxinzhao@smmu.edu.cn Short title: Effects of different SRs on sleep architecture and PVT...

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
State transitions between wake and sleep, and within the ultradian cycle, with focus on the link to neuronal activity

[...]

Helli Merica, Ronald D. Fortune1•
CERN1
01 Dec 2004-Sleep Medicine Reviews
TL;DR: This review emphasises the importance of the thalamically projecting brainstem activating systems in the orchestration of the transitions that give rise to state progression across the sleep-wake cycle.

92 citations

"Effects of different sleep restrict..." refers background in this paper

  • ...It is generated by an interplay of multiple external and internal oscillators, which is hypothesized to include circadian modulation, homeostatic systems and ultradian rhythms (Benington and Heller 1999, Borbély and Achermann 1999, Merica and Fortune 2004, Sinton and McCarley 2004)....

    [...]

  • ...…of the Ministry of Health, General Logistics Department of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (07BJZ06), the Shanghai Science and Technology Development Foundation (08411950700) and Medicine Importance Foundation (09DZ1950400) from Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Preliminary observations on the effects of sleep time in a sleep restriction paradigm

[...]

Christian Guilleminault1, Nelson B. Powell1, Sandra Martinez1, Clete A. Kushida1, Tifenn Raffray1, Luciana Palombini1, Pierre Philip1 •
Stanford University1
01 May 2003-Sleep Medicine
TL;DR: In this group of young adult males (mean age 19 years), there was a better overall adaptation to the early morning sleep, perhaps related to the general tendency in most adolescents to present some phase-delay during late teen-aged years.

88 citations

"Effects of different sleep restrict..." refers background in this paper

  • ...…that restricted sleep to 4 h per night for 7 days, Guilleminault et al. showed no significant differences in sleep architecture between earlier-night and later-night SR groups, but did show a wide range of individual differences in response to the restriction periods (Guilleminault et al. 2003)....

    [...]

  • ...sleep restriction; polysomnogram; psychomotor vigilance task...

    [...]

  • ...…Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neuroscience Research Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China Tel: +86-21-8188-5451; Fax: +86-21-8188-5451 Email: zhongxinzhao@smmu.edu.cn Short title: Effects of different SRs on sleep architecture and PVT...

    [...]

  • ...…might be sleep phase-delayed, and that they were accustomed to going to bed between 11:00 p.m. and 12:00 a.m., sleep times of both SR schedules began after midnight (designated as ‘0:00 a.m.’ in this study) to ensure high sleep efficiency Guilleminault et al. 2003, National Sleep Foundation....

    [...]

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