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Effects of open and directed prompts on filled pauses and utterance production

01 Jan 2010-pp 23-28
TL;DR: This paper describes an experiment where open and directed prompts were alternated when collecting speech data for the deployment of a call-routing application, which is interesting in the light of the “many-options” hypothesis of filled pause production.
Abstract: This paper describes an experiment where open and directed prompts were alternated when collecting speech data for the deployment of a call-routing application. The experiment tested whether open and directed prompts resulted in any differences with respect to the filled pauses exhibited by the callers, which is interesting in the light of the “many-options” hypothesis of filled pause production. The experiment also investigated the effects of the prompts on utterance form and meaning of the callers.

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Citations
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Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2012

97 citations

01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: Segment prolongation has been shown to be one of the most common forms of non-pathological speech disfluencies and the distribution of PRs in the word (initial–medial–final segment) is studied.
Abstract: Segment prolongation (PR) has been shown to be one of the most common forms of non-pathological speech disfluencies (Eklund, 2001). The distribution of PRs in the word (initial–medial–final segment ...

4 citations


Cites background from "Effects of open and directed prompt..."

  • ...As for Sex, there is a small tendency for male speakers to produce longer PRs than female speakers, supporting the proposed hypothesis that men are less prone to yielding the floor in dialog (see Eklund & Wirén, 2010:23)....

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  • ...This sits well with proposed theories that hesitation occurs whenever important choices are made in speech production, sometimes referred to as the “many-options hypothesis” (see e.g. Eklund & Wirén, 2010:24)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify the types of pauses and hesitations used by Pinter's The Homecoming and Baker's Circle Mirror Transformation as well as the functions they serve and compare both playwrights in this regard.
Abstract: Pauses and hesitations are phenomena that can be found in speech. They can help both the speaker and the hearer, due to the functions they have in a dialogue. Their occurrence in speech has a value that they make it more understandable. In this regard, the researchers intend to critically examine the pauses and hesitations used in the two texts as well as their functions. The present paper aims to identify the types of pauses and hesitations used by Pinter’s The Homecoming and Baker’s Circle Mirror Transformation as well as the functions they serve and to compare both playwrights in this regard. To do so, the sequential production approach of turn taking, in combination with the contributions of some scholars who state the multifunctional use of pauses and hesitations, has been used. The findings of the present study show that pauses and hesitations do not exist arbitrarily in speech but they are found to serve certain functions depending on the context in which they occur. Regarding the two selected extracts, it is noticed from the comparison that the two writers do not use pauses and hesitations equally. Baker uses them more frequently than Pinter due to the context in which they are used which requires using pauses to aid comprehension.

4 citations


Cites background from "Effects of open and directed prompt..."

  • ...The reason behind the relationship between pauses and hesitations is that expressing hesitancy is one of the functions of pauses (Ekland & Wiren, 2010)....

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01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: In this paper, the verbal behavior of male and female callers in a live natural language call routing speechapplication was investigated. But the results on verbal behavior were limited to a single application.
Abstract: This paper reports results on verbal behavior in a live natural language call routing speechapplication. Differences between male and female callers in terms of verbosity are investigated, andput i ...

4 citations

01 Jan 2010
TL;DR: The frequency and distribution of filledpauses (FPs) in ecologically valid data where unaware and Authentic customers called in to report problems with theirphony and/or Internet services and were met by a novel Wizard-of-Oz paradigm using real call center agents as Wizards of Oz wizards are studied.
Abstract: This paper studies the frequency and distribution of filledpauses (FPs) in ecologically valid data where unaware andauthentic customers called in to report problems with theirtelephony and/or Internet services and were met by a novelWizard-of-Oz paradigm using real call center agents aswizards. The data analyzed were caller utterances followinga directed or an open disambiguation prompt. While nosignificant differences in FP production were observed as afunction of prompt type, FP frequency was found to beconsiderably higher than what is usually reported in theliterature. Moreover, a higher proportion of utterance-initialFPs than normally reported was also observed. The results arecompared to previously reported FP frequencies. Potentialimplications for data collection methodology are discussed.

4 citations


Cites background from "Effects of open and directed prompt..."

  • ...[15] Eklund, R. & M. Wirén....

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  • ...For an exhaustive survey of FP hypotheses, see [5]; for a short overview, see [15]....

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  • ...[22] Wirén, M., R. Eklund, F. Engberg & J. Westermark....

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  • ...In a previous paper Eklund & Wirén [15] reported that the two prompts had a dramatic effect on the syntactic-categorical form of the customers’ utterances....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI

6,046 citations


"Effects of open and directed prompt..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Levelt (1989) suggested that FPs are a sign of internal error detection, a thread that was extended by Christenfeld & Creager (1996) who were of the opinion that anything that halted speech production could result in emitted FPs, making FPs adhere to Baumeister’s (1984) notion of “choking under…...

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Book
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: In this article, Willem "Pim" Levelt, Director of the Max-Planck Institute for Psycholinguistik, accomplishes the formidable task of covering the entire process of speech production from constraints on conversational appropriateness to articulation and self-monitoring of speech.
Abstract: In Speaking, Willem "Pim" Levelt, Director of the Max-Planck-Institut fur Psycholinguistik, accomplishes the formidable task of covering the entire process of speech production, from constraints on conversational appropriateness to articulation and self-monitoring of speech. Speaking is unique in its balanced coverage of all major aspects of the production of speech, in the completeness of its treatment of the entire speech process, and in its strategy of exemplifying rather than formalizing theoretical issues.

5,497 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A communication task in which pairs of people conversed about arranging complex figures is described and how the proposed model accounts for many features of the references they produced is shown.

1,977 citations


"Effects of open and directed prompt..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...That FPs can be used as a signal asking for interlocutor help was suggested by Clark & Wilkes-Gibbs (1986), or that FPs simply signal to the listener that the speaker is encountering slight timing problems in the production of speech was proposed by Clark ( 2002)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A model for choking on coordination and skill tasks is proposed, holding that the pressure increases the conscious attention to the performer's own process of performance and that this increased conscious attention disrupts the automatic or overlearned nature of the execution.
Abstract: Choking under pressure is defined as performance decrements under circumstances that increase the importance of good or improved performance. A model for choking on coordination and skill tasks is proposed, holding that the pressure increases the conscious attention to the performer's own process of performance and that this increased conscious attention disrupts the automatic or overlearned nature of the execution. Six experiments provided data consistent with this model. Three studies showed that increased attention to one's own process of performance resulted in performance decrements. Three other studies showed similar decrements produced by situational manipulations of pressure (i.e., implicit competition, a cash incentive, and audience-induced pressure). Individuals low in dispositional self-consciousness were shown to be more susceptible to choking under pressure than those high in it.

1,406 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1959-WORD
TL;DR: The authors reported an exploratory investigation of hesitation phenomena in spontaneously spoken English and made a distinction between non-chance statistical dependencies and all-or-nothing dependencies in linguistic methodology, and made some psycholinguistic implications.
Abstract: [This paper reports an exploratory investigation of hesitation phenomena in spontaneously spoken English. Following a brief review of the literature bearing on such phenomena, a quantitative study of filled and unfilled pauses, repeats, and false starts in the speech of some twelve participants in a conference is described. Analysis in terms of both individual differences and linguistic distribution is made, and some psycholinguistic implications are drawn, particularly as to the nature of encoding units and their relative uncertainty. A distinction between non-chance statistical dependencies and all-or-nothing dependencies in linguistic methodology is made.]

698 citations