Effects of pretreatment with microbial phytase on phosphorous utilization and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
TL;DR: The results showed that diets pretreated with phytase gave better growth performance, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio of Nile tilapia compared with thephytase control diet and pretreatment control diet (P 0.05).
Abstract: This study was to assess effects of the pretreatment in allplant based diets with microbial phytase on phosphorous utilization and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Pretreatment trials were conducted using phytase at graded doses to determine the optimal dose of phytase. Available phosphorus (P) levels increased significantly with the increased doses of phytase and the dose of 1000 U kg )1 was most efficient. Based on the pretreatment trials, plant based diets for Nile tilapia were formulated by pretreating with phytase at 1000 U kg )1 . Experimental diets were supplemented with graded levels of mono calcium phosphate (MCP) at 25, 18.75, 12.5, 6.25 and 0 g kg )1 diet. In addition, there were three controls: one phytase control, one inorganic P control and one pretreatment control. The results showed that diets pretreated with phytase gave better growth performance, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio of Nile tilapia compared with the phytase control diet and pretreatment control diet (P 0.05), which resulted in significantly better performance than those at 6.25 and 0 g kg )1 (P 0.05).
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TL;DR: Effects of phytate on fish, dephytinisation processes, phytase and pathway forphytate degradation,phytase production systems, mode ofPhytase application, bioefficacy of phyllase, effects of Phytase on growth performance, nutrient utilization and aquatic environment pollution, and optimum dosage of phydase in fish diets are discussed.
Abstract: Phytate formed during maturation of plant seeds and grains is a common constituent of plant-derived fish feed. Phytate-bound phosphorus (P) is not available to gastric or agastric fish. A major concern about the presence of phytate in the aquafeed is its negative effect on growth performance, nutrient and energy utilization, and mineral uptake. Bound phytate-P, can be effectively converted to available-P by phytase. During the last decade, phytase has been used by aqua feed industries to enhance the growth performance, nutrient utilization and bioavailability of macro and micro minerals in fish and also to reduce the P pollution into the aquatic environment. Phytase activity is highly dependent on the pH of the fish gut. Unlike mammals, fish are either gastric or agastric, and hence, the action of dietary phytase varies from species to species. In comparison to poultry and swine production, the use of phytase in fish feed is still in an unproven stage. This review discusses effects of phytate on fish, dephytinisation processes, phytase and pathway for phytate degradation, phytase production systems, mode of phytase application, bioefficacy of phytase, effects of phytase on growth performance, nutrient utilization and aquatic environment pollution, and optimum dosage of phytase in fish diets.
282 citations
TL;DR: The supplementation of diets with phytase has the potential to enhance tilapia growth without detrimental impacts on intestinal health.
82 citations
Cites background from "Effects of pretreatment with microb..."
...Cao et al. (2008) 342 reported the same effect when Nile tilapia were fed with a phytase supplemented 343 diet; the phytase supplemented diet gave better growth performance, FCR and PER 344 compared with the control group....
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TL;DR: The highest phytase activity was observed in the bacterial strains LF1 and LH1 isolated from the fore and the hindgut regions of rohu respectively, and both the strains were identified as Bacillus licheniformis on the basis of phenotypic characteristics as well as 16S rDNA sequence analysis.
Abstract: Isolation and enumeration of phytase-producing bacterial flora in the foregut and hindgut regions of the gastrointestinal tracts of 10 culturable freshwater teleosts of different feeding habits, namely rohu (Labeo rohita), catla (Catla catla), mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala), bata (Labeo bata), kalbasu (Labeo calbasu), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), climbing perch (Anabas testudineus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), have been carried out. Microbial culture of the gut mucosa on selected nutrient media following the enrichment culture technique was performed for bacterial isolation. The bacterial isolates were screened on the basis of their enzyme-producing ability. The bacterial population on the tryptone soya agar (TSA) plate was maximum in the hindgut region of bata, followed by mrigal and minimum in the foregut region of Nile tilapia. In modified phytase screening medium (MPSM), phytase-producing strains were recorded at higher densities in the foregut region of mrigal and grass carp and minimum in the foregut region of bata. In case of the hindgut, maximum phytase-producing strains were present in grass carp and mrigal and minimum in rohu. In general, in MPSM, the bacterial population was lower in the hindgut region of all the 10 species of fish examined. The phytase-producing ability of the selected 31 strains (16 from the foregut and 15 from the hindgut region) was determined by clearing zones on phytate-containing plates. Among these isolates, 22 strains (12 from the foregut and 10 from the hindgut region) were selected as potent phytase producers according to a quantitative enzyme assay. The highest phytase activity was observed in the bacterial strains LF1 and LH1 isolated from the fore and the hindgut regions of rohu respectively. Both the strains were identified as Bacillus licheniformis on the basis of phenotypic characteristics as well as 16S rDNA sequence analysis.
66 citations
TL;DR: The modified TGC models produced a better fit of the growth trajectory of the fish on the commercial farm across production stages compared with other growth models (specific growth rate, linear model).
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TL;DR: Two digestibility trials and two growth trials were carried out to evaluate the influence of top-sprayed phytase on apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of protein and mineral and utilization in rainbow trout fed with soybean meal-based diets.
Abstract: Two digestibility trials and two growth trials were carried out to evaluate the influence of top-sprayed phytase on apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of protein and mineral and utilization in rainbow trout fed with soybean meal-based diets. In Trial 1, a semi-purified diet containing 50% soybean meal was supplemented with graded levels of phytase (0, 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 U kg−1 diet), and fed to triplicate groups of fish. In Trial 2, commercial-type extruded feeds containing 36% soybean meal with either 0 or 2000 U phytase kg−1 were fed to five replicate groups of fish. Phytase clearly decreased phytic acid content of feces from 35 to 5 mg and from 34 to 14 mg phytic acid per g faecal dry matter in Trials 1 and 2 respectively. Apparent digestibility coefficient of P improved from 23% to 83% in Trial 1 and from 35% to 54% in Trial 2 by phytase. Apparent protein increased by 1.2% and 3.2%-units by phytase in Trials 1 and 2. Zinc digestibility was significantly increased in Trial 1, but not in Trial 2.
Trials 3 and 4 were conducted to evaluate the influence of phytase on dietary P (Trial 3) and lysine (Trial 4) utilization. Three diets were prepared for each trial: P (Trial 3)- or lysine (Trial 4)-deficient basal diets, basal diets with phytase supplementation (2000 U kg−1) and P (Trial 3)- or lysine (Trial 4)-fortified diets. Rainbow trout (initial weight 20 g) were fed for 10 weeks using four and six replicates for Trials 3 and 4 respectively. Phytase increased P utilization in Trial 3 as demonstrated by an increase in vertebra ash from 24.1% to 45.4%, and by an increase in weight gain from 243% to 459% of the initial weight. Phytase did not increase lysine utilization, since neither protein retention nor weight gain were enhanced by phytase. Supplemental lysine increased protein retention and weight gain to 43.1% and 514%, respectively, and also decreased whole-body lipid contents significantly from 120 to 123 g kg−1 in fish fed the basal diet and phytase-supplemented diet to 106 g kg−1 in fish fed with lysine-fortified diet.
120 citations
"Effects of pretreatment with microb..." refers methods in this paper
...Phytase can be utilized in fish feeds by pretreating feedstuffs (Cain & Garling 1995), or spraying onto pellets (Vielma et al. 2004) to avoid deactivation....
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TL;DR: Results from the present study indicated that addition of 250 units of microbial phytase/kg to practical diets can effectively improve bioavailability of phytate phosphorus to channel catfish and may possibly eliminate the use of an inorganic phosphorus supplement in channel cat fish diets.
Abstract: .– Juvenile channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (initial weight: 6.8 g/fish) were fed four practical diets containing 0, 250, 500, and 750 units of microbial phytase/kg and a diet containing 1% feed grade dicalcium phosphate (but no microbial phytase) under laboratory conditions for 12 wk. Fish fed the diets containing 250 units of microbial phytase/kg and above consumed more feed, gained more weight, and had a lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) in comparison to fish fed the basal diet containing no microbial phytase. Fish fed the diet containing dicalcium phosphate had intermediate weight gain and feed conversion ratio as compared to fish fed the basal diet and diets containing microbial phytase. Bone ash and phosphorus concentrations were lower for fish fed the basal diet than for fish fed other diets. No differences in weight gain, feed consumption, FCR, bone ash and bone phosphorus were observed among fish fed the diets containing various levels of microbial phytase. Fish fed the diet containing dicalcium phosphate had a lower bone phosphorus concentration than fish fed diets containing microbial phytase. Fecal phosphorus concentrations were lower for fish fed the diets containing microbial phytase than for fish fed the basal diet and the diet containing dicalcium phosphate. Results from the present study indicated that addition of 250 units of microbial phytase/kg to practical diets can effectively improve bioavailability of phytate phosphorus to channel catfish and may possibly eliminate the use of an inorganic phosphorus supplement in channel catfish diets. However, these data must be verified in trials conducted in ponds, prior to recommending removal of supplemental phosphorus from channel catfish diets.
118 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a trial was carried out to compare the growth performance, body composition and apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of diets by seabass, with an initial weight of 13.5 g, fed diets including fish meal or soybean meal as the main protein sources.
102 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that DHSM could replace FM up to 20% without amino acid (AA: methionine, lysine) supplementation and 30% with amino acid supplementation in fingerling and growing Korean rockfish.
100 citations
"Effects of pretreatment with microb..." refers methods in this paper
...One hour after feeding, water was completely changed in all tanks to remove uneaten feed, and faeces were collected using complete membrane from the tank bottom3 h after each feeding according to the method described by Lim et al. (2004)....
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TL;DR: Results of this study indicate that phytase supplementation at levels up to 8,000 U/kg diet did not increase weight gain or improve dietary protein utilization of channel catfish fed an all-plant-protein diet.
Abstract: A feeding trial was conducted to quantify the effects of phytase at levels of 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, and 8,000 units (U) per kg diet on utilization of dietary protein and minerals by fingerling (12 g) channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fed an all-plant-protein diet composed of soybean meal, corn, and wheat middlings. The effects of phytase on dephosphorylation of phytic acid (phytate) in the alimentary tract of catfish also were determined. After 14 wk, mean weight gains (30.2–43.9 g/fish), feed conversion ratios (2.27–2.40 g feed consumed/g weight gain), protein efficiency ratios (1.47–1.61 g weight gaid/g protein consumed), and dietary protein retentions (23.8–26.7%) did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) among treatment groups. A digestibility trial conducted after the feeding trial showed no difference (P > 0.05) in mean digestibility of diet dry matter (49.0–58.3%) or crude protein (85.4-88.5%) among treatment groups. Concentrations of ash (46.7–48.6%), calcium (Ca, 17.9–18.5%), phosphorus (P, 9.1–9.5%), and manganese (Mn, 65.5–74.1 mg/kg) were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in bone of fish fed ≥ 500 U/kg than in bone of fish fed 0 U/kg (ash, 43.5%; Ca, 16.4%; P, 8.4%; and Mn, 49.0 ma/kg), but concentrations of these minerals did not differ (P > 0.05) in bone of fish fed ≥ 500 Uk/g. The magnesium (Mg) content of bone did not differ (P > 0.05) between fish fed 0 U/kg (0.29%) or 500 U/kg (0.34%), but was significantly lower in fish fed 0 U/kg than in fish fed ≥ 1,000 U/kg (0.35–37%). Bone Mg levels did not differ (P > 0.05) among fish fed ≥ 500 U/kg. The amount of zinc (Zn) in bone of fish fed 8,000 U/kg (153.3 mg/kg) was significantly higher than that in fish fed 0 U/kg (115.7 mg/kg) or 500 U/kg (130.3 mg/ kg), but did not differ from Zn levels in bone of fish fed 1,000–4,000 U/kg (134.5–135.8 mg/ kg). Dephosphorylation of phytate occurred primarily in the stomach within 2–8 h after diet ingestion, depending on the level of phytase supplementation. Initial levels of total phytate in the diet decreased 32–94% in stomach contents of fish fed l,000–8,000 U/kg within 2 h after feeding. Eight hours after feeding, stomach contents of fish fed ≥ 1,000 U/kg contained less than 6% of initial total dietary phytate. Stomach contents of fish fed 500 U/kg retained 92% of initial total dietary phytate 2 h after feeding and 15% of total dietary phytate 8 h after feeding. Results of this study indicate that phytase supplementation at levels up to 8,000 U/kg diet did not increase weight gain or improve dietary protein utilization of channel catfish fed an all-plant-protein diet. Addition of phytase at a level of 1,000 U/kg diet was sufficient to significantly increase the Ca, P, Mg, and Mn content of bone, relative to fish fed an unsupplemented diet, and significantly decrease the quantity of total phytate in feces. A phytase level of 8,000 U/kg diet significantly increased the bioavailability of naturally occurring Zn in feed ingredients and increased the rate of phytate dephosphorylation in the stomach, compared with a diet containing no added phytase. Increased utilization of naturally occurring minerals in feed ingredients reduces the need for mineral supplements in diets and results in decreased elimination of minerals in feces. Thus, use of phytase in catfish feeds can be expected to provide both economic and environmental benefits.
97 citations