Effects of psychological inoculation on indirect road hostility and simulated driving
01 Apr 2015-Transportation Research Part F-traffic Psychology and Behaviour (Pergamon)-Vol. 30, pp 153-162
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of psychological inoculation (PI), a cognitive method that challenges and modifies cognitive distortions and teaches social resistance skills, on road hostility tendencies, using an indirect measure (Studies 1 and 2), and on simulated driving (Study 3).
Abstract: Traffic accidents (TA) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Psychological risk factors, whether traits or states, are important predictors of dangerous driving and of TA. However, educational and awareness campaigns often have little impact on such factors since they do not provide social resistance skills or cognitive restructuring, to change cognitive distortions which may underlie such factors. This research tested the effects of psychological inoculation (PI), a cognitive method that challenges and modifies cognitive distortions and teaches social resistance skills, on road hostility tendencies, using an indirect measure (Studies 1 and 2), and on simulated driving (Study 3). We preliminarily validated an indirect measure of road hostility tendencies, using a semi-projective test, not relying on interpretation or self-report. In Study 1, 59 Belgian students were assessed for indirect road hostility tendencies, before and immediately after PI or an awareness control. Indirect road hostility tendencies significantly decreased only in the PI group. In Study 2, 59 Israeli police cadets received PI or driving safety education (control) in groups. Levels of road hostility tendencies were significantly lower in the PI group than in controls, only immediately after the intervention, but not two weeks later. In Study 3, 40 male students were observed for brief PC-based simulated driving with social pressure, before and after PI or safety education (control). Only PI led to reduced accidents and touching/passing sidewalks from pre- to post-intervention. These relatively consistent results support the effectiveness of PI for reducing road hostility tendencies and accidents in simulated driving. Future studies need to test the long-term impact of PI on actual driving behavior. The ease of administering PI en-masse and its effects on road hostility tendencies and on simulated driving behavior may have important implications for accident prevention.
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TL;DR: It has found that ecological protection technology of highway slope mainly forms the atmosphere-plant-soil system, which could quickly restore the ecological balance, overall landscape and biodiversity of the region.
Abstract:
Slope protection has always been a major concern in highway construction and later operation. Ecological protection technology is widely used in highway slope, which takes into account functions of protection, ecology, and landscape. Ecological protection technology is mainly to improve the stability of the slope through the combination of supporting structure and plants, and vegetation restoration can reduce the negative impact of highway construction. In this paper, the latest research progress of ecological protection technology was first reviewed to identify the main construction process and types, which revealed the protection mechanism of ecological protection technology. The comprehensive benefits of ecological slope protection technology were analysed from the aspects of air, water circulation, landscape and biodiversity. It has found that ecological protection technology of highway slope mainly forms the atmosphere-plant-soil system. Ecological protection technology of highway slope improved the stability of the slope through the supporting structure and the anchoring effect of plant roots. And the restoration of the surface vegetation on the slope promoted the photosynthesis and transpiration of plants and purifies the air quality along the highway. Ecological protection technology of highway slope could quickly restore the ecological balance, overall landscape and biodiversity of the region.
13 citations
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors investigated the factors that influence driver aggression by using a combination of attribution theory, planned behavior theory, and general aggression theory, using the principle of convenience to select a sample size, and asked 308 Chinese drivers from Dalian to fill out a questionnaire.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to systematically investigate the factors that influence driver aggression by using a combination of attribution theory, planned behavior theory, and general aggression theory. Using the principle of convenience to select our sample size, we asked 308 Chinese drivers from Dalian to fill out a questionnaire. They ranged in age from 21 to 65 years (n = 297). Inspired by the Propensity for Angry Driving Scale (PADS) and the Driving Anger Scale (DAS), we formulated six scenarios involving collision risk and six scenarios involving obstacles. We also evaluated subjects’ cognitive assessments, experienced anger, and tendency toward aggressive driving behavior for each scenario. Subjects also completed the Aggression Questionnaire and the Ethical Position Questionnaire (EPQ). The EPQ divided participants into four categories: situationists (with high idealism and high relativism), absolutists (with high idealism and low relativism), subjectivists (with low idealism and high relativism), and exceptionists (with low idealism and low relativism). A path analysis of the structural equation model showed that attributive tendency, along with responsibility inference, and anger as mediator variables, collectively affected aggressive driving behavior. An analysis of variance showed that drivers were more likely to attribute an internal cause to the infringing behavior of instigating drivers and the level of responsibility inference was higher for dangerous situations than obstructive situations. Within the context of Chinese culture, subjectivists have a stronger tendency towards internal attribution and responsibility inference, and exceptionists, at the other extreme, have the lowest tendency towards internal attribution and responsibility inference. Drivers who held exceptionist ethical positions had a higher level of aggression. The results contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the psychological mechanisms behind aggressive behavior and suggest that road safety can be promoted by upholding road fairness through strict and just laws, which encourage drivers to suppress their feelings of anger and aggressive tendencies using rational cognition methods.
12 citations
TL;DR: There is a need to use other intervention methods targeting SCM determinants of condom use and to improve the quality of the assessment tools, to increase condom use towards HIV prevention.
Abstract: Health education alone has a limited impact on HIV prevention programs, possibly because it does not systematically target social and cognitive factors that affect condom use. To systematically eva...
9 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the relationship between resilience and the expression of driving anger and the adequacy of a Spanish version of a short form of the Driving Anger Expression Inventory (DAX) along with the relationships the DAX subscales had with gender, age, licence tenure, fines and crashes.
Abstract: The main aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between resilience and the expression of driving anger. In addition, the adequacy of a Spanish version of a short form of the Driving Anger Expression inventory (DAX) was assessed, along with the relationships the DAX subscales had with gender, age, licence tenure, fines and crashes. The sample consisted of 2409 Spanish undergraduate students (mean age = 21.60; S.D. = 2.86; 60% women). A Spanish adaption of the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) was used to measure resilience and the 15-item short form of the Driving Anger Expression inventory (DAX) was used to measure the expression of driving anger. The research found that resilience was directly associated with the adaptive/constructive expression of driving anger even after controlling for age, gender, licence tenure, fines and crash involvement. Nevertheless, as there is no previous research on this topic and the effect sizes were only moderate, further research is needed to clarify the role of resilience in the expression of driving anger. Furthermore, confirmatory factor analysis supports the adequacy of the short form of the DAX amongst Spanish drivers. In line with previous research, women tended to report more adaptive/constructive expression than men, while those who had crashed or been fined were more prone to report aggressive forms of driving anger expression.
9 citations
TL;DR: The effects of psychological inoculation versus education on condom use -barriers and –tendencies, using a fully automatized online system without counselors are examined, finding a significant increase in I-CUTE scores and no change in barriers was found in the PI condition.
Abstract: Objective: An effective method for preventing the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is condom use. Yet, research shows limited effects of education on increasing condom use. This research examined...
6 citations
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TL;DR: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010 aimed to estimate annual deaths for the world and 21 regions between 1980 and 2010 for 235 causes, with uncertainty intervals (UIs), separately by age and sex, using the Cause of Death Ensemble model.
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TL;DR: The Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) used various data sources and made corrections for miscoding of important diseases (eg, ischaemic heart disease) to estimate worldwide and regional cause-of-death patterns in 1990, and the estimates by cause provide a foundation for a more informed debate on public-health priorities.
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TL;DR: To increase professional health workers’ knowledge of selected research findings and theory so that they may better understand why and under what conditions people take action to prevent, detect and diagnose disease, this paper aims to increase awareness among qualified behavioral scientists about the kinds of behavioral research opportunities and needs that exist in public health.
Abstract: Aims of the Paper
The principal aims of this paper are (1) to increase professional health workers’ knowledge of selected research findings and theory so that they may better understand why and under what conditions people take action to prevent, detect and diagnose disease; and (2) to increase awareness among qualified behavioral scientists about the kinds of behavioral research opportunities and needs that exist in public health.
A matter of personal philosophy of the author is that the goal of understanding and predicting behavior should appropriately precede the goal of attempting to persuade people to modify their health practices, even though behavior can sometimes be changed in a planned way without clear understanding of its original causes. Efforts to modify behavior will ultimately be more successful if they grow out of an understanding of causal processes. Accordingly, primary attention will here be given to an effort to understand why people behave as they do. Only then will brief consideration be given to problems of how to persuade people to use health services.
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TL;DR: The frequency and impact of 10 potentially traumatic events were examined in a sample of 1,000 adults drawn from four southeastern cities, the sample was half Black, half White, half male, half female, and evenly divided among younger, middle-aged, and older adults.
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