Effects of silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate in the earthworm reproduction test.
01 Jan 2013-Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (Environ Toxicol Chem)-Vol. 32, Iss: 1, pp 181-188
TL;DR: The number of juveniles is a more suitable endpoint than biomass or mortality and the uptake of Ag does not appear to inhibit reproduction, and inhibition seems to reflect Ag(+) released into the soil pore water, which affects cocoons and juveniles in the soil.
Abstract: The widespread use of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), for example, in textiles and cleaning products, means that they are likely to reach the environment via biosolids or the effluent from wastewater treatment plants. The aim of the present study was to determine the ecotoxicity of Ag-NPs in the earthworm reproduction test using Eisenia andrei. In addition to the usual endpoints, the authors also investigated the uptake and accumulation of Ag by adult earthworms and the concentration of free Ag(+) in soil pore water. Silver nanoparticles and Ag nitrate showed similar toxicities in the earthworm reproduction test. The uptake of Ag from Ag-NPs in the earthworm was slightly higher than the uptake of Ag from Ag nitrate. Spiked soils showed a concentration-dependent effect on reproduction, but there was no concentration-dependent increase in the amount of Ag in earthworm tissues. The authors noted a concentration-dependent increase in the levels of free Ag(+) in the soil pore water regardless of the Ag source. The number of juveniles is a more suitable endpoint than biomass or mortality. The uptake of Ag does not appear to inhibit reproduction. Instead, inhibition seems to reflect Ag(+) released into the soil pore water, which affects cocoons and juveniles in the soil. Analysis of transformed Ag-NPs after purification in wastewater treatment plants would provide additional information.
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TL;DR: In this article, a review combines patchwise ENM research using natural soils with the much wider literature on ENM performed in standard tests or on the fate of colloids in soils, and an analysis of diverse ENM characteristics determining availability from the soil organisms' perspective to assess the main soil characteristics that determine the fate, speciation, and ultimately bioavailability of ENM in natural soils.
Abstract: Interactions within natural soils have often been neglected when assessing fate and bioavailability of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) in soils. This review combines patchwise ENM research using natural soils with the much wider literature on ENM performed in standard tests or on the fate of colloids in soils, and an analysis of the diverse ENM characteristics determining availability from the soil organisms’ perspective to assess the main soil characteristics that determine the fate, speciation, and ultimately bioavailability of ENM in natural soils. Predominantly salinity, texture, pH, concentration, and nature of mobile organic compounds and degree of saturation determine ENM bioavailability.
355 citations
Cites background from "Effects of silver nanoparticles and..."
...…correlates with the amount of ions released from ENM in the case of soluble ENM such as Ag, some quantum dots, and ZnO (Kool et al., 2011; Li et al., 2011; Pace et al., 2010; Schlich et al., 2013; Shoults-Wilson et al., 2011a; Engineered Nanoparticles in Soils 2743 Shoults-Wilson et al., 2011b)....
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TL;DR: This review paper presents the overview of processes involved in transformation of organic-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in biological systems and in the aquatic environment and progress made on understanding the mechanism oforganic- coated AgNP toxicity using different analytical techniques is presented.
335 citations
TL;DR: An overview of the commercial, societal, and environmental impacts of this emerging nanoparticle (NP), and nanomaterials in general is presented and the importance of the development of NP reference materials (RMs) is discussed.
Abstract: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) show different physical and chemical properties compared to their macroscale analogs. This is primarily due to their small size and, consequently, the exceptional surface area of these materials. Presently, advances in the synthesis, stabilization, and production of AgNPs have fostered a new generation of commercial products and intensified scientific investigation within the nanotechnology field. The use of AgNPs in commercial products is increasing and impacts on the environment and human health are largely unknown. This article discusses advances in AgNP production and presents an overview of the commercial, societal, and environmental impacts of this emerging nanoparticle (NP), and nanomaterials in general. Finally, we examine the challenges associated with AgNP characterization, discuss the importance of the development of NP reference materials (RMs) and explore their role as a metrological mechanism to improve the quality and comparability of NP measurements.
249 citations
Cites background from "Effects of silver nanoparticles and..."
...In correlation with the effect that AgNPs have on soil and soil ecosystems, toxic effects have also been reported on a diverse range of soil invertebrates which include Eisenia fetida, Enchytraeus albidus, Eisenia andrei, Porcellio scaber, and Folsomia candida (Tkalec et al., 2011; Hayashi et al., 2012, 2013; Gomes et al., 2013; Schlich et al., 2013; WaalewijnKool et al., 2014; Gomes et al., 2015)....
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...…reported on a diverse range of soil invertebrates which include Eisenia fetida, Enchytraeus albidus, Eisenia andrei, Porcellio scaber, and Folsomia candida (Tkalec et al., 2011; Hayashi et al., 2012, 2013; Gomes et al., 2013; Schlich et al., 2013; WaalewijnKool et al., 2014; Gomes et al., 2015)....
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University of California, Berkeley1, University of Texas at El Paso2, University of California, Los Angeles3, Purdue University4, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics5, Fraunhofer Society6, Research Triangle Park7, Spanish National Research Council8, University of Girona9, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology10, ETH Zurich11, European Chemicals Agency12, Duke University13, Heriot-Watt University14, United States Environmental Protection Agency15, DuPont16, Ca' Foscari University of Venice17, Brown University18, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign19, National Institute of Standards and Technology20, GlobalFoundries21, Environment Canada22, Arizona State University23, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station24, University of Massachusetts Amherst25
TL;DR: Environmental realism in ENM hazard assessments should involve greater coordination among ENM quantitative analysts, exposure modelers, and ecotoxicologists, across government, industry, and academia.
Abstract: Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are increasingly entering the environment with uncertain consequences including potential ecological effects Various research communities view differently whether ecotoxicological testing of ENMs should be conducted using environmentally relevant concentrations-where observing outcomes is difficult-versus higher ENM doses, where responses are observable What exposure conditions are typically used in assessing ENM hazards to populations? What conditions are used to test ecosystem-scale hazards? What is known regarding actual ENMs in the environment, via measurements or modeling simulations? How should exposure conditions, ENM transformation, dose, and body burden be used in interpreting biological and computational findings for assessing risks? These questions were addressed in the context of this critical review As a result, three main recommendations emerged First, researchers should improve ecotoxicology of ENMs by choosing test end points, duration, and study conditions-including ENM test concentrations-that align with realistic exposure scenarios Second, testing should proceed via tiers with iterative feedback that informs experiments at other levels of biological organization Finally, environmental realism in ENM hazard assessments should involve greater coordination among ENM quantitative analysts, exposure modelers, and ecotoxicologists, across government, industry, and academia
194 citations
TL;DR: This work makes a brief review of nanoparticles’ contribution to water treatment and the development of “environmentally-friendly” nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, and nanoherbicides, as well as presenting the harmful effects of nanoparticle accumulation in plants and soils.
Abstract: Currently, metal nanoparticles have varied uses for different medical, pharmaceutical, and agricultural applications. Nanobiotechnology, combined with green chemistry, has great potential for the development of novel and necessary products that benefit human health, environment, and industries. Green chemistry has an important role due to its contribution to unconventional synthesis methods of gold and silver nanoparticles from plant extracts, which have exhibited antimicrobial potential, among other outstanding properties. Biodiversity-rich countries need to collect and convert knowledge from biological resources into processes, compounds, methods, and tools, which need to be achieved along with sustainable use and exploitation of biological diversity. Therefore, this paper describes the relevant reported green synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles from plant extracts and their capacity as antimicrobial agents within the agricultural field for fighting against bacterial and fungal pathogens that can cause plant, waterborne, and foodborne diseases. Moreover, this work makes a brief review of nanoparticles’ contribution to water treatment and the development of “environmentally-friendly” nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, and nanoherbicides, as well as presenting the harmful effects of nanoparticles accumulation in plants and soils.
179 citations
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TL;DR: Variable leaching rates among sock types suggests that the sock manufacturing process may control the release of silver, and physical separation and ion selective electrode (ISE) analyses suggest that both colloidal and ionic silver leach from the socks.
Abstract: Manufacturers of clothing articles employ nanosilver (n-Ag) as an antimicrobial agent, but the environmental impacts of n-Ag release from commercial products are unknown. The quantity and form of the nanomaterials released from consumer products should be determined to assess the environmental risks of nanotechnology. This paper investigates silver released from commercial clothing (socks) into water, and its fate in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Six types of socks contained up to a maximum of 1360 µg-Ag/g-sock and leached as much as 650 µg of silver in 500 mL of distilled water. Microscopy conducted on sock material and wash water revealed the presence of silver particles from 10 to 500 nm in diameter. Physical separation and ion selective electrode (ISE) analyses suggest that both colloidal and ionic silver leach from the socks. Variable leaching rates among sock types suggests that the sock manufacturing process may control the release of silver. The adsorption of the leached silver to WWTP biom...
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"Effects of silver nanoparticles and..." refers background in this paper
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TL;DR: The results suggest that nitrifying bacteria are especially susceptible to inhibition byAg NPs, and the accumulation of Ag NPs could have detrimental effects on the microorganisms in wastewater treatment.
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TL;DR: This paper summarizes and critically assesses the current studies focusing on adverse effects of Ag NPs on human health and the mechanisms for Ag NP induced toxicity include the effects of this particle on cell membranes, mitochondria and genetic material.
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"Effects of silver nanoparticles and..." refers background in this paper
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