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Journal Article•DOI•

Effects of White Rice, Brown Rice and Germinated Brown Rice on Antioxidant Status of Type 2 Diabetic Rats

Mustapha Umar Imam1, Siti Nor Asma Musa, Nur Hanisah Azmi, Maznah Ismail1•
Universiti Putra Malaysia1
10 Oct 2012-International Journal of Molecular Sciences (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI))-Vol. 13, Iss: 10, pp 12952-12969
TL;DR: The results provide insight into the effects of different rice types on antioxidant status in type 2 diabetes and suggest that WR consumption, contrary to BR and GBR, may worsen antioxidant status that may lead to more damage by free radicals.
Abstract: Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications, and can be increased by diet like white rice (WR). Though brown rice (BR) and germinated brown rice (GBR) have high antioxidant potentials as a result of their bioactive compounds, reports of their effects on oxidative stress-related conditions such as type 2 diabetes are lacking. We hypothesized therefore that if BR and GBR were to improve antioxidant status, they would be better for rice consuming populations instead of the commonly consumed WR that is known to promote oxidative stress. This will then provide further reasons why less consumption of WR should be encouraged. We studied the effects of GBR on antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic rats, induced using a high-fat diet and streptozotocin injection, and also evaluated the effects of WR, BR and GBR on catalase and superoxide dismutase genes. As dietary components, BR and GBR improved glycemia and kidney hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, and prevented the deterioration of total antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic rats. Similarly, GBR preserved liver enzymes, as well as serum creatinine. There seem to be evidence that upregulation of superoxide dismutase gene may likely be an underlying mechanism for antioxidant effects of BR and GBR. Our results provide insight into the effects of different rice types on antioxidant status in type 2 diabetes. The results also suggest that WR consumption, contrary to BR and GBR, may worsen antioxidant status that may lead to more damage by free radicals. From the data so far, the antioxidant effects of BR and GBR are worth studying further especially on a long term to determine their effects on development of oxidative stress-related problems, which WR consumption predisposes to.

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Citations
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Journal Article•DOI•
Brown Rice Versus White Rice: Nutritional Quality, Potential Health Benefits, Development of Food Products, and Preservation Technologies.

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Ahmed S.M. Saleh1, Ahmed S.M. Saleh2, Peng Wang2, Wang Na2, Liu Yang2, Zhigang Xiao2 •
Assiut University1, Shenyang Normal University2
01 Jul 2019-Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety
TL;DR: The objective of this work was to review the recent advances in research performed for purposes of evaluation of nutritional value and potential health benefits of the whole BR grain and present economic and environmental benefits for the consumption of whole BR instead of the polished or white rice.
Abstract: Obesity and chronic diet-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, cancers, and celiac are increasing worldwide. The increasing prevalence of these diseases has led nutritionists and food scientists to pay more attention to the relationship between diet and different disease risks. Among different foods, rice has received increasing attention because it is a major component of billions of peoples' diets throughout the world. Rice is commonly consumed after polishing or whitening and the polished grain is known a high glycemic food because of its high starch content. In addition, the removal of the outer bran layer during rice milling results in a loss of nutrients, dietary fiber, and bioactive components. Therefore, many studies were performed to investigate the potential health benefits for the consumption of whole brown rice (BR) grain in comparison to the milled or white rice (WR). The objective of this work was to review the recent advances in research performed for purposes of evaluation of nutritional value and potential health benefits of the whole BR grain. Studies carried out for purposes of developing BR-based food products are reviewed. BR safety and preservation treatments are also explored. In addition, economic and environmental benefits for the consumption of whole BR instead of the polished or WR are presented. Furthermore, challenges facing the commercialization of BR and future perspectives to promote its utilization as food are discussed.

125 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Germinated grains: a superior whole grain functional food?

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Kristina Nelson1, Lily Stojanovska1, Todor Vasiljevic1, Michael L. Mathai1•
Victoria University, Australia1
26 Mar 2013-Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
TL;DR: Enhancing grain foods in a natural way using germination techniques may offer a practical, natural, dietary intervention to increase the health benefits and acceptability of whole grains, with potentially widespread effects across populations in attenuating adverse lifestyle disease outcomes.
Abstract: Grains are global dietary staples that when consumed in whole grain form, offer considerable health benefits compared with milled grain foods, including reduced body weight gain and reduced cardiov...

113 citations

Cites background or result from "Effects of White Rice, Brown Rice a..."

  • ...Their data suggests that the germinated rice diet was associated with the lowest area under the curve for plasma glucose (AUC-g) at most time points compared with other treatment groups, that brown rice was associated with a significantly lower AUC-g than white rice and the control, and moreover, that the germinated rice diet resulted in a significantly lower AUC-g than the brown rice diet (Imam et al. 2012)....

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  • ...2012) total polyphenol content following germination, and germinated rice studies also report increased (Imam et al. 2012) as well as no significant change (Moongngarm and Saetung 2010)....

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  • ...2010) Rice (Donkor et al. 2012; Imam et al. 2012) Buckwheat (Alvarez-Jubete et al....

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  • ...Rice studies have reported both increased (Donkor et al. 2012; Imam et al. 2012) and decreased (Imam et al....

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  • ...Several studies have compared the effects of germinated rice with white rice, reporting that glycaemic parameters may be improved in rats (Hagiwara et al. 2004; Torimitsu et al. 2010; Usuki et al. 2011; Imam et al. 2012) and humans (Ito et al....

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Journal Article•DOI•
Rice - not just a staple food: A comprehensive review on its phytochemicals and therapeutic potential

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Saikat Sen1, Raja Chakraborty1, Pratap Kalita1•
Assam Down Town University1
01 Mar 2020-Trends in Food Science and Technology
TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarized the available literature on health-promoting and therapeutic activity of rice and rice biomolecules, and discussed the possible molecular mechanisms of action of the rice/rice part/biomolecules.
Abstract: Background Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most popular staple food grain and an important source of fibre, energy, minerals, vitamins, and other biomolecules. Rice parts exhibited a number of health beneficial effect in pre-clinical/clinical studies. Rice constituents are getting popularity in preparation of pharmaceutical adjuvant, food additives and supplements. Scope & approach In this paper, we summarized the available literature on health-promoting and therapeutic activity of rice and rice biomolecules, and biomolecules, along with the scope of rice in pharmaceutical and food industry. In addition, we discussed the possible molecular mechanisms of action of the rice/rice part/biomolecules. Key findings Vitamin E, γ-oryzanol, phenolic acids (i.e. ferulic acid, gallic acid, syringic acid), anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin (i.e. epicatechin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside), flavonoids (i.e. quercetin, apigenin, kaempferol, tricin), carotenoids (i.e. lutein, zeaxanthin, β-carotene) and phytosterol (i.e. stigmasterol, β-sitosterol) are some key rice biomolecules. Promoting endogenous antioxidants, scavenging free radicals, suppression of inflammatory/pro-inflammatory cytokinins (i.e. interleukin 6, cyclooxygenase, tumor necrosis factor, NOS) are some key antioxidant, anti-inflammatory mechanism of rice biomolecules. Rice bran cause apoptosis, inhibit DNA synthesis of cancer cell. Rice bran and biomolecules found effective against diabetes by enhancing insulin release and glucose uptake, inhibiting β-cell destruction, insulin resistance, carbohydrate metabolizing enzyme and AGE formation. Rice bran/rice bran oil enhanced LDL receptor, CYP7A1, SREBP-2 and excretion of faecal cholesterol and bile acid, while reduced cholesterol absorption, HMG-CoA reductase, fatty acid synthase. Rice and its biomolecules also exhibited nephroprotective, neuroprotective, GIT protective activity. Rice starch is getting importance in the pharmaceutical industry as an adjuvant.

79 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Antidiabetic Properties of Germinated Brown Rice: A Systematic Review

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Mustapha Umar Imam1, Nur Hanisah Azmi1, Muhammad Iqbal Bhanger2, Norsharina Ismail1, Maznah Ismail1 •
Universiti Putra Malaysia1, University of Karachi2
06 Dec 2012-Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
TL;DR: A review on the antidiabetic properties of G BR from relevant preclinical and clinical studies is presented in order to provide detailed information on this subject for researchers to review the potential of GBR in combating this disease.
Abstract: Diet is an important variable in the course of type 2 diabetes, which has generated interest in dietary options like germinated brown rice (GBR) for effective management of the disease among rice-consuming populations. In vitro data and animal experiments show that GBR has potentials as a functional diet for managing this disease, and short-term clinical studies indicate encouraging results. Mechanisms for antidiabetic effects of GBR due to bioactive compounds like γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), γ-oryzanol, dietary fibre, phenolics, vitamins, acylated steryl β-glucoside, and minerals include antihyperglycemia, low insulin index, antioxidative effect, antithrombosis, antihypertensive effect, hypocholesterolemia, and neuroprotective effects. The evidence so far suggests that there may be enormous benefits for diabetics in rice-consuming populations if white rice is replaced with GBR. However, long-term clinical studies are still needed to verify these findings on antidiabetic effects of GBR. Thus, we present a review on the antidiabetic properties of GBR from relevant preclinical and clinical studies, in order to provide detailed information on this subject for researchers to review the potential of GBR in combating this disease.

77 citations

Cites background from "Effects of White Rice, Brown Rice a..."

  • ...About 5% of all deaths globally each year are due to this disease, almost 80% of which occur in low- and middle-income countries [1, 2]....

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  • ...Mustapha Umar Imam,1 Nur Hanisah Azmi,1 Muhammad Iqbal Bhanger,2 Norsharina Ismail,1 and Maznah Ismail1, 3 1 Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2 H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan 3 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Correspondence should be addressed to Mustapha Umar Imam, mustyimam@gmail.com and Maznah Ismail, maznah@medic.upm.edu.my Received 30 August 2012; Revised 19 October 2012; Accepted 21 October 2012 Academic Editor: I-Min Liu Copyright © 2012 Mustapha Umar Imam et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited....

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  • ...Mustapha Umar Imam,1 Nur Hanisah Azmi,1 Muhammad Iqbal Bhanger,2 Norsharina Ismail,1 and Maznah Ismail1, 3 1 Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2 H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for…...

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  • ...…al. [16] reported that consuming WR instead of BR for 16 weeks in middle-aged Chinese men and women did not offer any benefits in terms of reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, though low population size could have resulted in lack of significant difference prompting them to recommend for more…...

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Journal Article•DOI•
Phytochemical Profile of Brown Rice and Its Nutrigenomic Implications

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Keneswary Ravichanthiran1, Zheng Feei Ma2, Hongxia Zhang3, Yang Cao, Chee Woon Wang, Shahzad Muhammad4, Elom K. Aglago5, Yihe Zhang6, Yifan Jin2, Binyu Pan •
Universiti Malaysia Sabah1, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University2, University of Otago3, Khyber Medical University4, Ibn Tofail University5, University College London6
23 May 2018-Antioxidants
TL;DR: Current evidence supports the fact that the consumption of brown rice is beneficial for health, but studies are heterogeneous in terms of their brown rice samples used and population groups, which cause the evaluation to be difficult.
Abstract: Whole grain foods have been promoted to be included as one of the important components of a healthy diet because of the relationship between the regular consumption of whole-grain foods and reduced risk of chronic diseases. Rice is a staple food, which has been widely consumed for centuries by many Asian countries. Studies have suggested that brown rice is associated with a wide spectrum of nutrigenomic implications such as anti-diabetic, anti-cholesterol, cardioprotective and antioxidant. This is because of the presence of various phytochemicals that are mainly located in bran layers of brown rice. Therefore, this paper is a review of publications that focuses on the bioactive compounds and nutrigenomic implications of brown rice. Although current evidence supports the fact that the consumption of brown rice is beneficial for health, these studies are heterogeneous in terms of their brown rice samples used and population groups, which cause the evaluation to be difficult. Future clinical studies should focus on the screening of individual bioactive compounds in brown rice with reference to their nutrigenomic implications.

75 citations

References
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Journal Article•DOI•
Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays

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Tim R. Mosmann
16 Dec 1983-Journal of Immunological Methods
TL;DR: A tetrazolium salt has been used to develop a quantitative colorimetric assay for mammalian cell survival and proliferation and is used to measure proliferative lymphokines, mitogen stimulations and complement-mediated lysis.
Abstract: A tetrazolium salt has been used to develop a quantitative colorimetric assay for mammalian cell survival and proliferation. The assay detects living, but not dead cells and the signal generated is dependent on the degree of activation of the cells. This method can therefore be used to measure cytotoxicity, proliferation or activation. The results can be read on a multiwell scanning spectrophotometer (ELISA reader) and show a high degree of precision. No washing steps are used in the assay. The main advantages of the colorimetric assay are its rapidity and precision, and the lack of any radioisotope. We have used the assay to measure proliferative lymphokines, mitogen stimulations and complement-mediated lysis.

50,114 citations

"Effects of White Rice, Brown Rice a..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...HEPG2 cells acquired from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA) were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% antibiotics (100 U/mL penicillin) in an incubator at 37 °C with 5% CO2, following which cell viability was assessed as described by Mosmann [38]....

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Journal Article•DOI•
Free radicals, antioxidants and human disease: curiosity, cause, or consequence

[...]

Barry Halliwell1•
King's College London1
10 Sep 1994-The Lancet

3,027 citations

"Effects of White Rice, Brown Rice a..." refers background in this paper

  • ...This data shows that nutrigenomic upregulation of the SOD 2 gene may be involved in GBR and BR’s antioxidant effects, and higher amounts of GABA and antioxidant potentials may have contributed to this....

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  • ...It is likely that the antioxidant status due to GBR or BR in type 2 diabetic rats was partly contributed by upregulation of SOD gene....

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  • ...We evaluated the effect of the 70% ethanolic extracts (from Section 3.3.) of GBR, BR amd WR on the expression of catalase and SOD 2 genes to determine if any nutrigenomic mechanism was involved in BR or GBR’s antioxidant effects....

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  • ...The mRNA levels of SOD 2 in the untreated and insulin-treated groups were not significantly different (p > 0.05), as shown on Figure 4....

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  • ...However, it was clear that other efffects of BR and GBR bioactives were exponential (glycemic control and expression of SOD 2 gene), suggesting that higher amounts of bioactive compounds would likely produce even more of the same effect....

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Journal Article•DOI•
Type 2 diabetes - principles of pathogenesis and therapy

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Michael Stumvoll1, Barry J. Goldstein2, Timon W. van Haeften3•
Leipzig University1, Thomas Jefferson University2, University Medical Center Utrecht3
09 Apr 2005-The Lancet
TL;DR: Type 2 diabetes mellitus has a strong genetic component, but only a handful of genes have been identified so far: genes for calpain 10, potassium inward-rectifier 6.2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, insulin receptor substrate-1, and others.
Abstract: Summary Type 2 diabetes mellitus has become an epidemic, and virtually no physician is without patients who have the disease. Whereas insulin insensitivity is an early phenomenon partly related to obesity, pancreas β-cell function declines gradually over time already before the onset of clinical hyperglycaemia. Several mechanisms have been proposed, including increased non-esterified fatty acids, inflammatory cytokines, adipokines, and mitochondrial dysfunction for insulin resistance, and glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity, and amyloid formation for β-cell dysfunction. Moreover, the disease has a strong genetic component, but only a handful of genes have been identified so far: genes for calpain 10, potassium inward-rectifier 6·2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, insulin receptor substrate-1, and others. Management includes not only diet and exercise, but also combinations of anti-hyperglycaemic drug treatment with lipid-lowering, antihypertensive, and anti platelet therapy.

2,363 citations

"Effects of White Rice, Brown Rice a..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Worsening hyperglycemia is known to be the primary underlying factor responsible for diabetic symptoms and complications [22]....

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Journal Article•
Liver regeneration : Frontiers in medicine: Regeneration

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G. K. Michalopoulos, M. C. Defrances
01 Jan 1997-Science
TL;DR: This review attempts to integrate the findings of the last three decades and looks toward clues as to the nature of the causes that trigger this fascinating organ and cellular response.
Abstract: Liver regeneration after the loss of hepatic tissue is a fundamental parameter of liver response to injury. Recognized as a phenomenon from mythological times, it is now defined as an orchestrated response induced by specific external stimuli and involving sequential changes in gene expression, growth factor production, and morphologic structure. Many growth factors and cytokines, most notably hepatocyte growth factor, epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-α, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α insulin, and norepinephrine, appear to play important roles in this process. This review attempts to integrate the findings of the last three decades and looks toward clues as to the nature of the causes that trigger this fascinating organ and cellular response.

2,338 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications: a new perspective on an old paradigm.

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John W. Baynes1, S R Thorpe•
University of South Carolina1
01 Jan 1999-Diabetes
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated whether increased oxidative stress has a primary role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications or whether it is a secondary indicator of end-stage tissue damage in diabetes.
Abstract: Oxidative stress and oxidative damage to tissues are common end points of chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis. The question addressed in this review is whether increased oxidative stress has a primary role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications or whether it is a secondary indicator of end-stage tissue damage in diabetes. The increase in glycoxidation and lipoxidation products in plasma and tissue proteins suggests that oxidative stress is increased in diabetes. However, some of these products, such as 3-deoxyglucosone adducts to lysine and arginine residues, are formed independent of oxidation chemistry. Elevated levels of oxidizable substrates may also explain the increase in glycoxidation and lipoxidation products in tissue proteins, without the necessity of invoking an increase in oxidative stress. Further, age-adjusted levels of oxidized amino acids, a more direct indicator of oxidative stress, are not increased in skin collagen in diabetes. We propose that the increased chemical modification of proteins by carbohydrates and lipids in diabetes is the result of overload on metabolic pathways involved in detoxification of reactive carbonyl species, leading to a general increase in steady-state levels of reactive carbonyl compounds formed by both oxidative and nonoxidative reactions. The increase in glycoxidation and lipoxidation of tissue proteins in diabetes may therefore be viewed as the result of increased carbonyl stress. The distinction between oxidative and carbonyl stress is discussed along with the therapeutic implications of this difference.

2,310 citations

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