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Journal Article•DOI•

Efficacy of cocoa pod extract as antiwrinkle gel on human skin surface.

Azila Abdul Karim, Azrina Azlan1, Amin Ismail1, Puziah Hashim1, Siti Salwa Abd Gani1, Badrul Hisyam Zainudin, Nur Azilah Abdullah •
Universiti Putra Malaysia1
01 Sep 2016-Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology (J Cosmet Dermatol)-Vol. 15, Iss: 3, pp 283-295
TL;DR: Cocoa pods are abundant waste materials of cocoa plantation, which are usually discarded onto plantation floors, but they potentially contain antioxidant compounds, which can be used as functional cosmetic ingredients for antiwrinkles.
Abstract: Objective: Cocoa pods are abundant waste materials of cocoa plantation, which are usually discarded onto plantation floors. However, due to poor plantation management, the discarded cocoa pods can create suitable breeding ground for Phytophthora palmivora, which is regarded as the causal agent of the black pod disease. On the other hand, cocoa pods potentially contain antioxidant compounds. Antioxidant compounds are related to the protection of skin from wrinkles and can be used as functional cosmetic ingredients. Therefore, in this study, cocoa pods were extracted and to be used as active ingredients for antiwrinkles. Methods: The active compounds in cocoa pod extracts (CPE) were screened using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Fibroblast cells were used to determine the effective concentration of CPE to maintain the viability for at least 50% of the cells (EC50). The gel was tested by 12 panelists to determine the efficacy of CPE in gel form using Visioscan to reduce skin wrinkles and improve skin condition. Results: CPE was detected to contain malic acid, procyanidin B1, rosmarinic acid, procyanidin C1, apigenin, and ellagic acid, all of which may contribute to functional cosmetic properties of CPE. The EC50 value of cocoa pod extracts was used to calculate the amount of CPE to be incorporated into gel so that the formulated product could reach an effective concentration of extract while being nonintoxicant to the skin cell. The results showed that CPE is potential ingredient to reduce wrinkles. Skin wrinkles reduced at 6.38 ± 1.23% with the application of the CPE gel within 3 weeks and significantly improved further (12.39 ± 1.59%) after 5 weeks. The skin hydration increased (3.181 ± 1.06%) after 3 weeks of the CPE gel application. Conclusion: Flavonoid compounds in CPE contributed to the functional cosmetic properties of CPE. The CPE which is nontoxic to skin cells help to reduce wrinkles on skin after 3 weeks of application. CPE can be used as the active ingredients in antiwrinkle products, and prolonged application may result in significant visual changes to the naked eyes.

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Summary

  • Cocoa pods are abundant waste materials of cocoa plantation, which are usually discarded onto plantation floors, also known as Objective.
  • Due to poor plantation management, the discarded cocoa pods can create suitable breeding ground for Phytophthora palmivora, which is regarded as the causal agent of the black pod disease.
  • On the other hand, cocoa pods potentially contain antioxidant compounds.
  • Antioxidant compounds are related to the protection of skin from wrinkles and can be used as functional cosmetic ingredients.
  • Therefore, in this study, cocoa pods were extracted and to be used as active ingredients for antiwrinkles.
  • The active compounds in cocoa pod extracts (CPE) were screened using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS).
  • Fibroblast cells were used to determine the effective concentration of CPE to maintain the viability for at least 50% of the cells (EC50).
  • The gel was tested by 12 panelists to determine the efficacy of CPE in gel form using Visioscan to reduce skin wrinkles and improve skin condition.
  • CPE was detected to contain malic acid, procyanidin B1, rosmarinic acid, procyanidin C1, apigenin, and ellagic acid, all of which may contribute to functional cosmetic properties of CPE, also known as Results.
  • The EC50 value of cocoa pod extracts was used to calculate the amount of CPE to be incorporated into gel so that the formulated product could reach an effective concentration of extract while being nonintoxicant to the skin cell.
  • The results showed that CPE is potential ingredient to reduce wrinkles.

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Efficacy of cocoa pod extract as antiwrinkle gel on human skin surface
ABSTRACT
Objective: Cocoa pods are abundant waste materials of cocoa plantation, which are usually
discarded onto plantation floors. However, due to poor plantation management, the discarded
cocoa pods can create suitable breeding ground for Phytophthora palmivora, which is
regarded as the causal agent of the black pod disease. On the other hand, cocoa pods
potentially contain antioxidant compounds. Antioxidant compounds are related to the
protection of skin from wrinkles and can be used as functional cosmetic ingredients.
Therefore, in this study, cocoa pods were extracted and to be used as active ingredients for
antiwrinkles. Methods: The active compounds in cocoa pod extracts (CPE) were screened
using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Fibroblast cells were used to
determine the effective concentration of CPE to maintain the viability for at least 50% of the
cells (EC50). The gel was tested by 12 panelists to determine the efficacy of CPE in gel form
using Visioscan to reduce skin wrinkles and improve skin condition. Results: CPE was
detected to contain malic acid, procyanidin B1, rosmarinic acid, procyanidin C1, apigenin,
and ellagic acid, all of which may contribute to functional cosmetic properties of CPE. The
EC50 value of cocoa pod extracts was used to calculate the amount of CPE to be incorporated
into gel so that the formulated product could reach an effective concentration of extract while
being nonintoxicant to the skin cell. The results showed that CPE is potential ingredient to
reduce wrinkles. Skin wrinkles reduced at 6.38 ± 1.23% with the application of the CPE gel
within 3 weeks and significantly improved further (12.39 ± 1.59%) after 5 weeks. The skin
hydration increased (3.181 ± 1.06%) after 3 weeks of the CPE gel application. Conclusion:
Flavonoid compounds in CPE contributed to the functional cosmetic properties of CPE. The
CPE which is nontoxic to skin cells help to reduce wrinkles on skin after 3 weeks of
application. CPE can be used as the active ingredients in antiwrinkle products, and prolonged
application may result in significant visual changes to the naked eyes.
Keyword: Antiwrinkles; Cell culture; Cocoa pod extracts; Efficacy; Formulation; Functional
cosmetics
Citations
More filters
Journal Article•DOI•
Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) pod husk: Renewable source of bioactive compounds

[...]

Rocio Campos-Vega1, Karen Haydeé Nieto-Figueroa1, B. Dave Oomah2•
Autonomous University of Queretaro1, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada2
01 Nov 2018-Trends in Food Science and Technology
TL;DR: In this article, the authors highlight the value that can be added to this industrial co-product to generate new pharmaceutical, medical, nutraceuticals or functional food products, which is the main byproduct from the coca industry constituting 67-76% of the cocoa fruit weight.
Abstract: Background Cocoa Pod Husk (CPH) is the main by-product from the coca industry constituting 67–76% of the cocoa fruit weight. This waste represents an important, and challenging, economic, environmental renewable opportunity, since ten tons of wet CPH are generated for each ton of dry cocoa beans. Scope and approach This review highlights the value that can be added to this industrial co-product to generate new pharmaceutical, medical, nutraceuticals or functional food products. Key findings and conclusions The quality and functionality of cocoa pod husk (CPH) has being improving through processing (fermentation, enzymatic hydrolysis, and combustion, among others), guiding to their use as source of volatile fragrance compounds, lipase extraction, skin whitening, skin hydration and sun screening, ruminants’ food, vegetable gum, organic potash, antibacterial and nanoparticles synthesis with antioxidant and larvicidal activities. However, their exploration to produce high-value-added products, specially for the food industry, is limited as well as their potential health benefits. Cocoa pod husk, the main by-product from cacao industry (up to 76%), is an abundant, inexpensive, and renewable source of bioactive compounds like dietary fiber, pectin, antioxidant compounds, minerals and theobromine, justifying their valorization. This review highlights the value addition that can be achieved with this valuable industrial co-product to generate new pharmaceutical, medical, nutraceuticals or functional food products.

130 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Valorisation strategies for cocoa pod husk and its fractions

[...]

Fei Lu1, Julia Rodríguez-García1, Isabella Van Damme, Nicholas J. Westwood2, Liz J. Shaw1, J.S. Robinson1, Geoff Warren1, Afroditi Chatzifragkou1, Simon J. Mcqueen Mason3, Leonardo D. Gomez3, Laura Faas3, Kelvin Balcombe1, Chittur S. Srinivasan1, Fiorella Picchioni1, Paul Hadley1, Dimitris Charalampopoulos1 •
University of Reading1, University of St Andrews2, University of York3
01 Dec 2018-Green and Sustainable Chemistry
TL;DR: In this paper, the main byproduct of the cocoa harvest, the pod husk (CPH), is used for animal feed, as a starting material for soap making and activated carbon.
Abstract: Cocoa pod husk (CPH) is the main by-product (ca. 70–75% weight of whole fruit) of the cocoa harvest, an important and economic crop in developing countries. It is a rich source of minerals (particularly potassium), fibre (including lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin) and antioxidants (e.g. phenolic acids). An existing practise is the return of CPH to soil with potential benefits (or disadvantages) for cocoa productivity and soil sustainability that have not been fully characterised. Currently, alternative low-value applications of CPH include its use as animal feed, as a starting material for soap making and activated carbon. Other biotechnological valorisation potentials for CPH and its fractions include the production of bio-fuels and their incorporation in food systems. Physical, chemical or biological pre-treatment approaches are needed in order to achieve desirable fractions in a cost-effective and sustainable manner for novel applications in food and non-food sectors.

79 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Renewable sources: applications in personal care formulations.

[...]

F Mellou1, Athanasia Varvaresou1, Spyros Papageorgiou1•
University of the West1
01 Dec 2019-International Journal of Cosmetic Science
TL;DR: In this study, some examples of active ingredients or raw materials used in cosmetics/personal care/biomedical products that are coming from either through biotechnological systems, or as byproducts of several industries are reviewed.
Abstract: A global tendency for products considered environmentally sustainable, and ecologically obtained led the industry related to personal care formulations to fund the research and the development of personal care/cosmetics containing ingredients from natural resources. Furthermore, consumers are aware of environmental and sustainability issueans, thus not harming the environment represents a key consideration when developing a new cosmetic ingredient. In this study we review some examples of active ingredients or raw materials used in cosmetics/personal care/biomedical products that are coming from either through biotechnological systems, or as byproducts of several industries. A skin formulation containing biosynthetic actives, prepared by us and the study regarding its dermocosmetic properties are also described. The need for the standardization processes, the safety assessment tools, the improvement of the exploitation methods of these renewable sources in order the production to be ecologically and economically better are also discussed.

27 citations

Cites background from "Efficacy of cocoa pod extract as an..."

  • ...Consequently, Cocoa pod extracts can be included in anti-wrinkle products with significant results in skin after prolonged application and save the plantation floors from the harmful pods [4]....

    [...]

  • ...There are cases that the waste materials can cause problems when discarded [4]....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Process intensification technologies for the recovery of valuable compounds from cocoa by-products

[...]

Francesco Mariatti1, Veronika Gunjević1, Luisa Boffa1, Giancarlo Cravotto1•
University of Turin1
01 Mar 2021-Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies
TL;DR: In this paper, a review summarizes successful CBS and CPH polyphenol extraction processes that make use of the above-mentioned emerging methods, in particular the circular economy and industry 4.0, can help sustainability to be achieved in the cocoa industry.
Abstract: The ever-growing cocoa-product market has driven the cocoa industry to massive levels of production, thus causing excessive waste and by-product generation. Cocoa bean shells (CBS) and pod husks (CPH) are the main cocoa-industry by-products that possess substantial amounts of high added-value compounds. Polyphenols may be the most interesting compounds because of their widely known beneficial effects on human health. Over last decade, both science and industry have focused on finding new cost-effective technologies for phytochemical recovery that are able to lower extraction times, energy consumption and environmental impact. Ultrasound, microwave, pulsed electric field, and subcritical and supercritical fluid are some of these technologies. This review summarizes successful CBS and CPH polyphenol extraction processes that make use of the above-mentioned emerging methods. Moreover, the integration of novel business paradigms, in particular the circular economy and industry 4.0, can help sustainability to be achieved in the cocoa industry. Industrial relevance text Industrial cocoa by-products have become a massive burden since their inadequate disposal leads to a series of environmental issues. Value-added compounds recovery from CBS and CPH by means of enabling technologies assistance can lead to significant economic and environmental advantages. This approach, coherent with circular economy paradigm, can be integrated with a design of Industry 4.0 driving the development of new products and businesses.

22 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Identification of potential maturity indicators for harvesting cacao

[...]

Karen E. Rojas1, Maria C. García, Ivonne X. Cerón, Ronnal E. Ortiz, Martha P. Tarazona1 •
Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano1
01 Feb 2020-Heliyon
TL;DR: The establishment of reliable, practical, and objective ripeness indicators for each cocoa clone will allow more homogenous cocoa pods to be selected for fermentation, which will ultimately contribute to improved quality and homogeneity of cocoa and its derived products.

14 citations

References
More filters
Journal Article•DOI•
Dietary factors and the risk for acute infant leukemia: evaluating the effects of cocoa-derived flavanols on DNA topoisomerase activity.

[...]

Louise Lanoue1, Kerri K. Green1, Catherine Kwik-Uribe, Carl L. Keen1•
University of California, Davis1
01 Jan 2010-Experimental Biology and Medicine
TL;DR: In vitro data show that cocoa-derived flavanols have limited effects on topo II activity and cellular proliferation in cancer cell lines, and predict that these compounds are likely to have limited leukemogenic potential at physiological concentrations.
Abstract: There is cumulative strong evidence that diets rich in flavanols can provide certain positive health benefits, particularly with respect to the cardiovascular system. Consequently, it has been suggested that increasing one's dietary intake of flavanols may be of benefit. Complicating this idea, there are reports that high intakes of certain flavonoids during pregnancy are associated with an increased risk for acute infant leukemia due to a poison effect of select polyphenolic compounds on DNA topoisomerase (topo) II activity that promotes aberrant chromosomal translocations. In the current study, we characterized the effects of select flavanols (epicatechin and catechin monomers), and select flavanol dimers and longer oligomers, on topo II activity, and on cellular toxicity in vitro. In contrast to the chemotherapeutic drug etoposide (VP16) and the flavonol quercetin, which strongly inhibited topo II activity and increased the formation of cleavage complexes demonstrating a poison effect, the flavanols epicatechin and catechin had little effect on topo II enzyme activity. Accordingly, several fold greater concentrations of the flavanols were required to achieve cellular toxicity similar to that of quercetin and VP16 in cultures of myeloid and lymphoid cells. Low cellular toxicity and limited topo II inhibition were also observed with a procyanidin-rich cocoa extract. Of all the flavanols tested, the dimers (B2, B5 and a mix of both) exerted the greatest inhibition of topo II and inhibited cellular proliferation rates at concentrations similar to quercetin. However, in contrast to quercetin, the dimers did not function as topo II poisons. Collectively, our in vitro data show that cocoa-derived flavanols have limited effects on topo II activity and cellular proliferation in cancer cell lines. We predict that these compounds are likely to have limited leukemogenic potential at physiological concentrations.

28 citations

Effects of cosmetics therapy using isoflavone and pine bark extract on the skin and QOL: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial

[...]

Yoshikazu Yonei, Yoshio Mizuno, Eri Katagiri
01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: The cosmetics-treated group showed significant improvements in parameters related to physical symptoms and mental symptoms such as "irritability," "loss of motivation," "reluctance to talk with others," "pessimism," and "lapse of memory."
Abstract: Objective: The efficacy and safety of anti-aging cosmetics that use isoflavone and pine bark extract (Flavangenol(r)) as the primary ingredients were studied in a double-blind, non-crossover manner on 21 female volunteers in the control group (age: 46.6‚ 6.7 years) and 20 female volunteers in the cosmetics-treated group (age: 45.8 ‚ 4.9 years). Methods: The subjects used a sample product that was indistinguishable between the groups, and conducted a self facial skincare twice a day, in the morning and at night, for 4 weeks. Physical examinations were conducted and a questionnaire was administered before and after this skincare regimen. Results: The cosmetics-treated group showed significant improvements in parameters related to physical symptoms such as "tendency to gain weight" and "excessive sensitivity to cold," and mental symptoms such as "irritability," "loss of motivation," "reluctance to talk with others," "pessimism," and "lapse of memory." In the control group, diastolic blood pressure dropped significantly (121.3/77.0 mmHg to 121.4/73.2 mmHg), while both diastolic and systolic blood pressures lowered significantly (127.7/79.0 mmHg to 119.6/73.9 mmHg) in the cosmetics-treated group. In a study of oxidative stress markers, the cosmetics-treated group showed significant improvements in serum lipid peroxide and 8-isoprostane production rate. In a study on skin measurements, the amount of melanin on the forehead had markedly increased in the control group, but this was suppressed in the cosmetics-treated group. No adverse events were seen throughout the study

24 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Cytotoxic effects of crude kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix, DC.) leaf fractional extracts on leukemic cell lines

[...]

Fah Chueahongthong, Chadarat Ampasavate, Siriporn Okonogi, Singkome Tima, Songyot Anuchapreeda 
18 Jul 2011-Journal of Medicinal Plants Research
TL;DR: In this paper, Kaffir lime extracts were extracted using hexane, ethanol, ethyl acetate, butanol and methanol, and the results showed that the ethanol fraction exhibited the highest cytotoxicity, with IC50 values of 19.0±0.6, 35.3±1.4, 21.8± 0.4 and 19.8−1.0 µg/ml, respectively.
Abstract: Crude extracts from the leaves of kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix, DC.) were extracted using hexane, ethanol, ethyl acetate, butanol and methanol. The fractions were investigated in vitro for their potential cytotoxic activity on HL60, K562, Molt4, U937 cell lines, and normalhuman peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using the MTT assay. The in vitrocytotoxicity bioassays on 4 leukemic cell lines showed that the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest cytotoxicity, with IC50 values of 19.0±0.6, 35.3±1.4, 21.8±0.4, and 19.8±1.0 µg/ml, in response to HL60, K562, Molt4, and U937 cell lines, respectively. These were higher than those of fractions from hexane, ethanol, and butanol. The methanol fraction had no cytotoxic activity (IC50 value > 100 µg/ml). None of the fractions had cytotoxic effects on PBMCs. The active compound in the ethyl acetate fraction should be investigated for possible use in chemotherapy. Key words: Kaffir lime, Citrus hystrix, DC., cytotoxicity, leukemic cell line.

22 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Efficacy of micronutrient supplementation on skin aging and seasonal variation: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study

[...]

Ferial Fanian1, S. Mac-Mary, Adeline Jeudy, Thomas Lihoreau, Rafat Messikh, Jean-Paul Ortonne, J M Sainthillier, Ahmed Elkhyat, A. Guichard, Kamran Hejazi Kenari, Philippe Humbert2 •
Community emergency response team1, University of Franche-Comté2
14 Nov 2013-Clinical Interventions in Aging
TL;DR: The data indicate that the skin is prone to seasonal changes during winter, particularly in exposed areas, and that oral supplementation can be a safe treatment, with no serious side effects, and may prevent or even eliminate the negative effects of winter on the skin.
Abstract: BACKGROUND Several studies have confirmed dramatic changes in skin surface parameters during the winter months. Although there are many studies supporting the positive effects of topical treatment, there are no published studies demonstrating the effects of oral supplementation in the prevention of negative skin changes during winter. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an oral micronutrient supplement in preventing the negative effects of winter weather on skin quality using noninvasive biometrologic instruments. METHODS This study included 80 healthy female volunteers aged 35-55 years with phototype II-IV skin. Randomization was balanced. Two tablets of a micronutrient supplement (Perfectil® Platinum) or placebo were administered once daily for 4 months. The volunteers were examined at baseline, after 4 months, and 6 weeks after termination of treatment (month 5.5). The evaluation included skin microrelief by Visioscan® as the main outcome, and the secondary outcomes were results on standard macrophotography, skin tension by Reviscometer®, skin high-frequency ultrasound, and self-assessment. RESULTS For all pseudoroughness and microrelief indicators, there was a significant increase from baseline to month 4 in the placebo group (P<0.05) but no change in the active group. Descriptive statistics for the mean minimum, mean maximum, and minimum to maximum ratio on the nonexposed study zone showed a significant and dramatic difference between baseline and month 4 and between baseline and month 5.5 (P<0.05) in the active group, indicating decreasing anisotropy of the skin. High-frequency ultrasound on the exposed study zone revealed that skin thickness was significantly decreased in the placebo group during winter but was stable in the treated group (P<0.01). The photography scaling and self-assessment questionnaire revealed no significant changes in either group. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the skin is prone to seasonal changes during winter, particularly in exposed areas. The data also indicate that oral supplementation can be a safe treatment, with no serious side effects, and may prevent or even eliminate the negative effects of winter on the skin.

20 citations

Fermentation of Cocoa Beans and Antimicrobial Potentials of the pod Husk Phytochemicals

[...]

S. O. Fapohunda, Anthony Jide Afolayan
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: Phytochemical analysis of pod husks showed that it is rich in phenolics such as cinnamic acid, tannin, pyrogallol, epicathecin-3-gallate, quercetin, and resorcinol, and the antibacterial potential was established in the inhibition of the growth of Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13047, and Bacillus subtilis.
Abstract: The disc diffusion method was used in determining the antibacterial efficacy of methanol extract of cocoa pod husk, (CPH). Fermentation and proximate analysis of cocoa beans were carried out. Distinct increase in the bacterial load occurred from the first day, through the seventh day of fermentation of the cocoa seeds. The fermentative microorganisms influenced the nutrient content of the seeds when compared with the fresh cocoa seeds. Phytochemical analysis of pod husks showed that it is rich in phenolics such as cinnamic acid, tannin, pyrogallol, epicathecin-3-gallate, quercetin, and resorcinol. The antibacterial potential was established in the inhibition of the growth of Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13047, and Bacillus subtilis.

20 citations

Related Papers (2)
Cacao pod husks (Theobroma cacao L.): Composition and hot-water-soluble pectins

[...]

01 Jul 2011-Industrial Crops and Products
Lúcia Cristina Vriesmann, Renata Dias de Mello Castanho Amboni, Carmen Lúcia de Oliveira Petkowicz
Adding Value to Cacao Pod Husks as a Potential Antioxidant-Dietary Fiber Source

[...]

23 Jan 2013-American Journal of Food and Nutrition
Beda Marcel Yapo, Veronique Besson, Benoît Bargui Koubala, Kouassi L. Koffi 
Frequently Asked Questions (1)
Q1. What contributions have the authors mentioned in the paper "Efficacy of cocoa pod extract as antiwrinkle gel on human skin surface" ?

Therefore, in this study, cocoa pods were extracted and to be used as active ingredients for antiwrinkles. The results showed that CPE is potential ingredient to reduce wrinkles. Skin wrinkles reduced at 6. 38 ± 1. 23 % with the application of the CPE gel within 3 weeks and significantly improved further ( 12. 39 ± 1. 59 % ) after 5 weeks.