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Journal Article•DOI•

Efficacy of cocoa pod extract as antiwrinkle gel on human skin surface.

Azila Abdul Karim, Azrina Azlan1, Amin Ismail1, Puziah Hashim1, Siti Salwa Abd Gani1, Badrul Hisyam Zainudin, Nur Azilah Abdullah •
Universiti Putra Malaysia1
01 Sep 2016-Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology (J Cosmet Dermatol)-Vol. 15, Iss: 3, pp 283-295
TL;DR: Cocoa pods are abundant waste materials of cocoa plantation, which are usually discarded onto plantation floors, but they potentially contain antioxidant compounds, which can be used as functional cosmetic ingredients for antiwrinkles.
Abstract: Objective: Cocoa pods are abundant waste materials of cocoa plantation, which are usually discarded onto plantation floors. However, due to poor plantation management, the discarded cocoa pods can create suitable breeding ground for Phytophthora palmivora, which is regarded as the causal agent of the black pod disease. On the other hand, cocoa pods potentially contain antioxidant compounds. Antioxidant compounds are related to the protection of skin from wrinkles and can be used as functional cosmetic ingredients. Therefore, in this study, cocoa pods were extracted and to be used as active ingredients for antiwrinkles. Methods: The active compounds in cocoa pod extracts (CPE) were screened using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Fibroblast cells were used to determine the effective concentration of CPE to maintain the viability for at least 50% of the cells (EC50). The gel was tested by 12 panelists to determine the efficacy of CPE in gel form using Visioscan to reduce skin wrinkles and improve skin condition. Results: CPE was detected to contain malic acid, procyanidin B1, rosmarinic acid, procyanidin C1, apigenin, and ellagic acid, all of which may contribute to functional cosmetic properties of CPE. The EC50 value of cocoa pod extracts was used to calculate the amount of CPE to be incorporated into gel so that the formulated product could reach an effective concentration of extract while being nonintoxicant to the skin cell. The results showed that CPE is potential ingredient to reduce wrinkles. Skin wrinkles reduced at 6.38 ± 1.23% with the application of the CPE gel within 3 weeks and significantly improved further (12.39 ± 1.59%) after 5 weeks. The skin hydration increased (3.181 ± 1.06%) after 3 weeks of the CPE gel application. Conclusion: Flavonoid compounds in CPE contributed to the functional cosmetic properties of CPE. The CPE which is nontoxic to skin cells help to reduce wrinkles on skin after 3 weeks of application. CPE can be used as the active ingredients in antiwrinkle products, and prolonged application may result in significant visual changes to the naked eyes.

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Summary

  • Cocoa pods are abundant waste materials of cocoa plantation, which are usually discarded onto plantation floors, also known as Objective.
  • Due to poor plantation management, the discarded cocoa pods can create suitable breeding ground for Phytophthora palmivora, which is regarded as the causal agent of the black pod disease.
  • On the other hand, cocoa pods potentially contain antioxidant compounds.
  • Antioxidant compounds are related to the protection of skin from wrinkles and can be used as functional cosmetic ingredients.
  • Therefore, in this study, cocoa pods were extracted and to be used as active ingredients for antiwrinkles.
  • The active compounds in cocoa pod extracts (CPE) were screened using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS).
  • Fibroblast cells were used to determine the effective concentration of CPE to maintain the viability for at least 50% of the cells (EC50).
  • The gel was tested by 12 panelists to determine the efficacy of CPE in gel form using Visioscan to reduce skin wrinkles and improve skin condition.
  • CPE was detected to contain malic acid, procyanidin B1, rosmarinic acid, procyanidin C1, apigenin, and ellagic acid, all of which may contribute to functional cosmetic properties of CPE, also known as Results.
  • The EC50 value of cocoa pod extracts was used to calculate the amount of CPE to be incorporated into gel so that the formulated product could reach an effective concentration of extract while being nonintoxicant to the skin cell.
  • The results showed that CPE is potential ingredient to reduce wrinkles.

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Efficacy of cocoa pod extract as antiwrinkle gel on human skin surface
ABSTRACT
Objective: Cocoa pods are abundant waste materials of cocoa plantation, which are usually
discarded onto plantation floors. However, due to poor plantation management, the discarded
cocoa pods can create suitable breeding ground for Phytophthora palmivora, which is
regarded as the causal agent of the black pod disease. On the other hand, cocoa pods
potentially contain antioxidant compounds. Antioxidant compounds are related to the
protection of skin from wrinkles and can be used as functional cosmetic ingredients.
Therefore, in this study, cocoa pods were extracted and to be used as active ingredients for
antiwrinkles. Methods: The active compounds in cocoa pod extracts (CPE) were screened
using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Fibroblast cells were used to
determine the effective concentration of CPE to maintain the viability for at least 50% of the
cells (EC50). The gel was tested by 12 panelists to determine the efficacy of CPE in gel form
using Visioscan to reduce skin wrinkles and improve skin condition. Results: CPE was
detected to contain malic acid, procyanidin B1, rosmarinic acid, procyanidin C1, apigenin,
and ellagic acid, all of which may contribute to functional cosmetic properties of CPE. The
EC50 value of cocoa pod extracts was used to calculate the amount of CPE to be incorporated
into gel so that the formulated product could reach an effective concentration of extract while
being nonintoxicant to the skin cell. The results showed that CPE is potential ingredient to
reduce wrinkles. Skin wrinkles reduced at 6.38 ± 1.23% with the application of the CPE gel
within 3 weeks and significantly improved further (12.39 ± 1.59%) after 5 weeks. The skin
hydration increased (3.181 ± 1.06%) after 3 weeks of the CPE gel application. Conclusion:
Flavonoid compounds in CPE contributed to the functional cosmetic properties of CPE. The
CPE which is nontoxic to skin cells help to reduce wrinkles on skin after 3 weeks of
application. CPE can be used as the active ingredients in antiwrinkle products, and prolonged
application may result in significant visual changes to the naked eyes.
Keyword: Antiwrinkles; Cell culture; Cocoa pod extracts; Efficacy; Formulation; Functional
cosmetics
Citations
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Journal Article•DOI•
Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) pod husk: Renewable source of bioactive compounds

[...]

Rocio Campos-Vega1, Karen Haydeé Nieto-Figueroa1, B. Dave Oomah2•
Autonomous University of Queretaro1, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada2
01 Nov 2018-Trends in Food Science and Technology
TL;DR: In this article, the authors highlight the value that can be added to this industrial co-product to generate new pharmaceutical, medical, nutraceuticals or functional food products, which is the main byproduct from the coca industry constituting 67-76% of the cocoa fruit weight.
Abstract: Background Cocoa Pod Husk (CPH) is the main by-product from the coca industry constituting 67–76% of the cocoa fruit weight. This waste represents an important, and challenging, economic, environmental renewable opportunity, since ten tons of wet CPH are generated for each ton of dry cocoa beans. Scope and approach This review highlights the value that can be added to this industrial co-product to generate new pharmaceutical, medical, nutraceuticals or functional food products. Key findings and conclusions The quality and functionality of cocoa pod husk (CPH) has being improving through processing (fermentation, enzymatic hydrolysis, and combustion, among others), guiding to their use as source of volatile fragrance compounds, lipase extraction, skin whitening, skin hydration and sun screening, ruminants’ food, vegetable gum, organic potash, antibacterial and nanoparticles synthesis with antioxidant and larvicidal activities. However, their exploration to produce high-value-added products, specially for the food industry, is limited as well as their potential health benefits. Cocoa pod husk, the main by-product from cacao industry (up to 76%), is an abundant, inexpensive, and renewable source of bioactive compounds like dietary fiber, pectin, antioxidant compounds, minerals and theobromine, justifying their valorization. This review highlights the value addition that can be achieved with this valuable industrial co-product to generate new pharmaceutical, medical, nutraceuticals or functional food products.

130 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Valorisation strategies for cocoa pod husk and its fractions

[...]

Fei Lu1, Julia Rodríguez-García1, Isabella Van Damme, Nicholas J. Westwood2, Liz J. Shaw1, J.S. Robinson1, Geoff Warren1, Afroditi Chatzifragkou1, Simon J. Mcqueen Mason3, Leonardo D. Gomez3, Laura Faas3, Kelvin Balcombe1, Chittur S. Srinivasan1, Fiorella Picchioni1, Paul Hadley1, Dimitris Charalampopoulos1 •
University of Reading1, University of St Andrews2, University of York3
01 Dec 2018-Green and Sustainable Chemistry
TL;DR: In this paper, the main byproduct of the cocoa harvest, the pod husk (CPH), is used for animal feed, as a starting material for soap making and activated carbon.
Abstract: Cocoa pod husk (CPH) is the main by-product (ca. 70–75% weight of whole fruit) of the cocoa harvest, an important and economic crop in developing countries. It is a rich source of minerals (particularly potassium), fibre (including lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin) and antioxidants (e.g. phenolic acids). An existing practise is the return of CPH to soil with potential benefits (or disadvantages) for cocoa productivity and soil sustainability that have not been fully characterised. Currently, alternative low-value applications of CPH include its use as animal feed, as a starting material for soap making and activated carbon. Other biotechnological valorisation potentials for CPH and its fractions include the production of bio-fuels and their incorporation in food systems. Physical, chemical or biological pre-treatment approaches are needed in order to achieve desirable fractions in a cost-effective and sustainable manner for novel applications in food and non-food sectors.

79 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Renewable sources: applications in personal care formulations.

[...]

F Mellou1, Athanasia Varvaresou1, Spyros Papageorgiou1•
University of the West1
01 Dec 2019-International Journal of Cosmetic Science
TL;DR: In this study, some examples of active ingredients or raw materials used in cosmetics/personal care/biomedical products that are coming from either through biotechnological systems, or as byproducts of several industries are reviewed.
Abstract: A global tendency for products considered environmentally sustainable, and ecologically obtained led the industry related to personal care formulations to fund the research and the development of personal care/cosmetics containing ingredients from natural resources. Furthermore, consumers are aware of environmental and sustainability issueans, thus not harming the environment represents a key consideration when developing a new cosmetic ingredient. In this study we review some examples of active ingredients or raw materials used in cosmetics/personal care/biomedical products that are coming from either through biotechnological systems, or as byproducts of several industries. A skin formulation containing biosynthetic actives, prepared by us and the study regarding its dermocosmetic properties are also described. The need for the standardization processes, the safety assessment tools, the improvement of the exploitation methods of these renewable sources in order the production to be ecologically and economically better are also discussed.

27 citations

Cites background from "Efficacy of cocoa pod extract as an..."

  • ...Consequently, Cocoa pod extracts can be included in anti-wrinkle products with significant results in skin after prolonged application and save the plantation floors from the harmful pods [4]....

    [...]

  • ...There are cases that the waste materials can cause problems when discarded [4]....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Process intensification technologies for the recovery of valuable compounds from cocoa by-products

[...]

Francesco Mariatti1, Veronika Gunjević1, Luisa Boffa1, Giancarlo Cravotto1•
University of Turin1
01 Mar 2021-Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies
TL;DR: In this paper, a review summarizes successful CBS and CPH polyphenol extraction processes that make use of the above-mentioned emerging methods, in particular the circular economy and industry 4.0, can help sustainability to be achieved in the cocoa industry.
Abstract: The ever-growing cocoa-product market has driven the cocoa industry to massive levels of production, thus causing excessive waste and by-product generation. Cocoa bean shells (CBS) and pod husks (CPH) are the main cocoa-industry by-products that possess substantial amounts of high added-value compounds. Polyphenols may be the most interesting compounds because of their widely known beneficial effects on human health. Over last decade, both science and industry have focused on finding new cost-effective technologies for phytochemical recovery that are able to lower extraction times, energy consumption and environmental impact. Ultrasound, microwave, pulsed electric field, and subcritical and supercritical fluid are some of these technologies. This review summarizes successful CBS and CPH polyphenol extraction processes that make use of the above-mentioned emerging methods. Moreover, the integration of novel business paradigms, in particular the circular economy and industry 4.0, can help sustainability to be achieved in the cocoa industry. Industrial relevance text Industrial cocoa by-products have become a massive burden since their inadequate disposal leads to a series of environmental issues. Value-added compounds recovery from CBS and CPH by means of enabling technologies assistance can lead to significant economic and environmental advantages. This approach, coherent with circular economy paradigm, can be integrated with a design of Industry 4.0 driving the development of new products and businesses.

22 citations

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Identification of potential maturity indicators for harvesting cacao

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Karen E. Rojas1, Maria C. García, Ivonne X. Cerón, Ronnal E. Ortiz, Martha P. Tarazona1 •
Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano1
01 Feb 2020-Heliyon
TL;DR: The establishment of reliable, practical, and objective ripeness indicators for each cocoa clone will allow more homogenous cocoa pods to be selected for fermentation, which will ultimately contribute to improved quality and homogeneity of cocoa and its derived products.

14 citations

References
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Journal Article•DOI•
Cacao pod husks (Theobroma cacao L.): Composition and hot-water-soluble pectins

[...]

Lúcia Cristina Vriesmann1, Renata Dias de Mello Castanho Amboni2, Carmen Lúcia de Oliveira Petkowicz1•
Federal University of Paraná1, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina2
01 Jul 2011-Industrial Crops and Products
TL;DR: The composition of cacao pod husks, the main waste product of cocoa production, and some of the characteristics of their water-soluble pectins were investigated in this paper.

134 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
The Inhibitory Effects of Eckol and Dieckol from Ecklonia stolonifera on the Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 in Human Dermal Fibroblasts

[...]

Min-Jeong Joe1, Su-Nam Kim2, Hyeyoung Choi1, Woon-Seob Shin1, Gab-Man Park1, Dong-Won Kang1, Yong Kee Kim1 •
Kwandong University1, Kigali Institute of Science and Technology2
01 Aug 2006-Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin
TL;DR: The data demonstrate the inhibitory effect of eckol and dieckol from Ecklonia species on MMP-1 expression in human dermal fibroblasts and provide a possibility to develop as an agent for the prevention and treatment of skin aging.
Abstract: In order to develop new anti-photoaging agents, we examined the inhibitory effects of 29 seaweed extracts on transcriptional activities of NF-κB and AP-1, and MMP-1 expression. The extracts from 3 species of Alariaceae, Eisenia bicyclis, Ecklonia cava and Ecklonia stolonifera, have showed strong inhibition of both NF-κB and AP-1 reporter activity, which were well correlated with their abilities to inhibit MMP-1 expression. In addition, MMP-1 expression was dramatically attenuated by treatment with eckol or dieckol which were purely isolated from E. stolonifera, indicating that these compounds are active principles to inhibit MMP-1 expression in human dermal fibroblasts. Taken together, our data demonstrate the inhibitory effect of eckol and dieckol from Ecklonia species on MMP-1 expression in human dermal fibroblasts and provide a possibility to develop as an agent for the prevention and treatment of skin aging.

134 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Chemical composition of wild and commercial Achillea millefolium L. and bioactivity of the methanolic extract, infusion and decoction

[...]

Maria Inês Dias, Lillian Barros1, Montserrat Dueñas1, Eliana Pereira, Ana Maria Carvalho, Rita C. Alves2, M. Beatriz P.P. Oliveira2, Celestino Santos-Buelga1, Isabel C.F.R. Ferreira •
University of Salamanca1, University of Porto2
15 Dec 2013-Food Chemistry
TL;DR: The heterogeneity among the antioxidant and antitumour results of the samples and some low correlations with total phenolic compounds indicates that specific compounds, rather than the totality of them, are involved in the bioactive properties of samples.

132 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Differential in vitro cytotoxicity of (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) to cancer and normal cells from the human oral cavity.

[...]

Harvey Babich1, M.E. Krupka1, H.A. Nissim1, H.L. Zuckerbraun1•
Yeshiva University1
01 Mar 2005-Toxicology in Vitro
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the biologic activity of epicatechin gallate (ECG), a polyphenol in tea, to carcinoma HSC-2 cells and normal HGF-2 fibroblasts cells from the human oral cavity.

122 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Double‐Blinded, Placebo‐Controlled Trial of Green Tea Extracts in the Clinical and Histologic Appearance of Photoaging Skin

[...]

Annie E. Chiu1, Joanna L. Chan2, Dale Kern, Sabine Kohler2, Wingfield Rehmus2, Alexa B. Kimball3 •
Emory University1, Stanford University2, Harvard University3
21 Mar 2006-Dermatologic Surgery
TL;DR: Green tea polyphenols have been postulated to protect human skin from the cutaneous signs of photoaging, but clinically significant changes could not be detected and longer supplementation may be required for clinically observable improvements.
Abstract: Background. Green tea extracts have gained popularity as ingredients in topical skin care preparations to treat aging skin. Green tea polyphenolic compounds have significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and studies suggest that these extracts help mediate ultraviolet radiation damage. Objective. To evaluate the effects of a combination regimen of topical and oral green tea supplementation on the clinical and histologic characteristics of photoaging. Methods. Forty women with moderate photoaging were randomized to either a combination regimen of 10% green tea cream and 300 mg twice-daily green tea oral supplementation or a placebo regimen for 8 weeks. Results. No significant differences in clinical grading were found between the green tea–treated and placebo groups, other than higher subjective scores of irritation in the green tea–treated group. Histologic grading of skin biopsies did show significant improvement in the elastic tissue content of treated specimens (p<.05). Conclusion. Participants treated with a combination regimen of topical and oral green tea showed histologic improvement in elastic tissue content. Green tea polyphenols have been postulated to protect human skin from the cutaneous signs of photoaging, but clinically significant changes could not be detected. Longer supplementation may be required for clinically observable improvements. THIS STUDY WAS SUPPORTED BY NU SKIN INTERNATIONAL, INC. DR. KIMBALL HAS SERVED AS A CONSULTANT TO NU SKIN AND HAS RECEIVED HONORARIA FOR SPEAKING.

114 citations

Related Papers (2)
Cacao pod husks (Theobroma cacao L.): Composition and hot-water-soluble pectins

[...]

01 Jul 2011-Industrial Crops and Products
Lúcia Cristina Vriesmann, Renata Dias de Mello Castanho Amboni, Carmen Lúcia de Oliveira Petkowicz
Adding Value to Cacao Pod Husks as a Potential Antioxidant-Dietary Fiber Source

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23 Jan 2013-American Journal of Food and Nutrition
Beda Marcel Yapo, Veronique Besson, Benoît Bargui Koubala, Kouassi L. Koffi 
Frequently Asked Questions (1)
Q1. What contributions have the authors mentioned in the paper "Efficacy of cocoa pod extract as antiwrinkle gel on human skin surface" ?

Therefore, in this study, cocoa pods were extracted and to be used as active ingredients for antiwrinkles. The results showed that CPE is potential ingredient to reduce wrinkles. Skin wrinkles reduced at 6. 38 ± 1. 23 % with the application of the CPE gel within 3 weeks and significantly improved further ( 12. 39 ± 1. 59 % ) after 5 weeks.