Efficient dynamic bandwidth allocation for FSAN-compliant GPON
TL;DR: Using computer simulations with the self-similar traffic model, it is shown that the IACG method dramatically outperforms the GIANT MAC method in mean delay and frame-loss rate.
Abstract: We suggest an immediate allocation with colorless grant (IACG) method for dynamic bandwidth allocation of a gigabit passive optical network (GPON) system. The suggested method is based on the GigaPON Access Network (GIANT) media access control (MAC) method. The IACG method can assign the transmission bandwidth regardless of the value of a scheduling counter, whereas the GIANT MAC method can assign the transmission bandwidth only when the scheduling counter has a value of 1. Also, unlike the GIANT MAC method, the IACG method utilizes the unallocated remainder of the transmission bandwidth. At the end of scheduling, the IACG MAC method assigns the unallocated remainder to each optical network unit (ONU) with an equal share. Using computer simulations with the self-similar traffic model, we show that the IACG method dramatically outperforms the GIANT MAC method in mean delay and frame-loss rate.
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TL;DR: This paper proposes an efficient bandwidth utilization (EBU) algorithm that utilizes the unused bandwidth in dynamic bandwidth allocation of a 10‐gigabit‐capable passive optical network (XGPON) and shows that EBU improves performance compared to that achieved with existing methods.
Abstract: This paper proposes an efficient bandwidth utilization (EBU) algorithm that utilizes the unused bandwidth in dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) of a 10-gigabit-capable passive optical network (XGPON). In EBU, an available byte counter of a queue can be negative and the unused remainder of an available byte counter can be utilized by the other queues. In addition, EBU uses a novel polling scheme to collect the requests of queues as soon as possible. We show through analysis and simulations that EBU improves performance compared to that achieved with existing methods. In addition, we describe the hardware implementation of EBU. Finally we show the test results of the hardware implementation of EBU.
58 citations
Cites background or methods or result from "Efficient dynamic bandwidth allocat..."
...In this paper, we use the polling mechanism of [13] to obtain the actual requests of ONUs....
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...It was shown that IACG dramatically improves performance compared to GIANT [13]....
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...Since T-CONT type 1 has a fixed bandwidth and it is statically served, we do not consider T-CONT type 1 in this paper, as in [12], [13]....
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...To the best of our knowledge, only the IACG and GIANT algorithms have been physically implemented [10], [13]....
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...Like GIANT, however, PCG-OSFI can allocate a grant only when the down counter has expired for the nonassured bandwidth of T-CONT types 3 and 4....
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05 Mar 2013
TL;DR: The aim is to provide a standards-compliant, configurable, and extensible module that can simulate XG-PON with reasonable speed and can support a wide range of research topics.
Abstract: 10-Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network (XG-PON), one of the latest standards of optical access networks, is regarded as one of the key technologies for future Internet access networks. In this paper, we propose and discuss the design and implementation of an XG-PON module for the NS-3 network simulator. The aim is to provide a standards-compliant, configurable, and extensible module that can simulate XG-PON with reasonable speed and can support a wide range of research topics. These include analysing and improving the performance of XG-PON, studying the interactions between XG-PON and the upper-layer protocols, and investigating its integration with various wireless networks.
37 citations
Cites background from "Efficient dynamic bandwidth allocat..."
...Indeed, it has been a very hot topic to study DBA algorithms for EPON and GPON [12][15][22]....
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TL;DR: In this article, a framework for dynamic bandwidth assignment in gigabit passive optical networks (GPONs) employing the Offset-Based Scheduling with Flexible Intervals (OSFI) concept in order to achieve distribution of bandwidth in such networks ensuring not only high system utilization but also clean-cut quality of service differentiation based on the individual demands of user services.
Abstract: This paper introduces a novel framework for dynamic bandwidth assignment (DBA) in gigabit passive optical networks (GPONs) employing the Offset-Based Scheduling with Flexible Intervals (OSFI) concept in order to achieve distribution of bandwidth in such networks ensuring not only high system utilization but also clean-cut quality of service (QoS) differentiation based on the individual demands of user services. In addition, ways to enhance efficiency in the case of next generation long-reach GPONs are discussed. A thorough description of the proposed mechanisms is provided, while the improved system performance is verified using simulations.
36 citations
Cites background or methods from "Efficient dynamic bandwidth allocat..."
...results presented in [14] for the GIANT scheme (the improvements to the GIANT scheme proposed in [14] are not considered, since they could be applied to our mechanism as well and offer similar performance benefits)....
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...[14]) or is not given much notice [12], [13]....
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...general flexible type to emulate the behavior of T-CONT types 2 and 3 of [14]....
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...service interval for each type follow the values assumed in [14] for the corresponding T-CONT types: For flexible type 1 (FT 1), Mbps, , and offset , for flexible type 2 (FT 2), Mbps, , and offset ....
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...For example, in [14] five different T-CONT types are described, based on the definitions in [5]....
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TL;DR: An improved bandwidth utilization (IBU) algorithm is presented, which improves the mean of upstream delays of type 2 traffic up to 98%, 93%, and 76% and up to 99%, 92%, and 73% for type 3 traffic compared to the GIANT, IACG, and EBU algorithms, respectively.
Abstract: Passive optical networks (PONs) require a dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithm at the optical line terminal for efficient utilization of upstream bandwidth among the optical network units (ONUs) as per the quality of service requirements for each traffic class defined by PON standardizing bodies. The GigaPON access network (GIANT) was the first International Telecommunication Union compliant DBA algorithm, which is further improved by Immediate Allocation with Colorless Grant (IACG) and Efficient Bandwidth Utilization (EBU) algorithms. However, the polling mechanism of IACG and EBU may not report the true bandwidth demand of ONUs during a service interval. Furthermore, ONU scheduling mechanisms give preference to best effort traffic over the assured traffic during recursive allocation cycles in a service interval, which results in an increase in upstream delays for the assured traffic class. This paper presents an improved bandwidth utilization (IBU) algorithm, which rectifies these deficiencies with a novel polling and scheduling mechanism. Experimental results show that IBU improves the mean of upstream delays of type 2 traffic up to 98%, 93%, and 76% and up to 99%, 92%, and 73% for type 3 traffic compared to the GIANT, IACG, and EBU algorithms, respectively. IBU also shows the least frame loss compared to these state-of-the-art algorithms.
35 citations
Cites background from "Efficient dynamic bandwidth allocat..."
...When any new frame is arriving, it has to wait for a period of SI to get the transmission time slot for US transmission....
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...The ITU categorizes PON traffic into four classes, namely, type 1 (T1), type 2 (T2), type 3 (T3), and type 4 (T4), as shown in Table I [4,5]....
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TL;DR: The proposed scheme uses bandwidth efficiently and reduces mean upstream delay of type‐2 (T2) traffic class by 38% and type‐3 (T3) up to 150% compared to immediate allocation with colorless grant at a cost of up to 10% higher delay for T2, however, T4 performance improves by 400% and minimizes the bandwidth waste per cycle as well as the frame loss rate.
Abstract: For an efficient utilization of the upstream bandwidth in passive optical network, a dynamic bandwidth assignment mechanism is necessary as it helps the service providers in provisioning of bandwidth to users according to the service level agreements. The scheduling mechanism of existing schemes, immediate allocation with colorless grant and efficient bandwidth utilization (EBU), does not assign the surplus bandwidth to a specific traffic class and only divides it equally among the optical network units (ONUs). This results in overreporting of ONU bandwidth demand to the optical line terminal and causes wastage of bandwidth and increase in delays at high traffic loads. Moreover, the EBU also assigns the unused bandwidth of lightly loaded ONU queues to the overloaded queues through an Update operation. This Update operation has a flaw that it borrows the extra bandwidth to a queue in the current service interval, if the queue report is higher than its service level agreement and refunds in next service interval. This borrow-refund operation causes reduced bandwidth allocation to the lower priority classes and increases their delay and frame loss. This study improves both these weaknesses. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme uses bandwidth efficiently and reduces mean upstream delay of type-2 (T2) traffic class by 38% and type-3 (T3) up to 150% compared to immediate allocation with colorless grant at a cost of up to 10% higher delay for T2. However, T4 performance improves by 400% compared to EBU with slight increase in delay for T2 traffic class. Overall, it shows a balanced performance for all the traffic classes and minimizes the bandwidth waste per cycle as well as the frame loss rate.
25 citations
References
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TL;DR: This work proposes to use the multipoint control protocol defined by the IEEE 802.3ah task force to arbitrate the transmission of different users, and presents different dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithms to allocate bandwidths effectively and fairly between end users.
Abstract: Ethernet-based passive optical network (EPON) technology is being considered as a promising solution for next-generation broadband access networks due to the convergence of low-cost Ethernet equipment and low-cost fiber infrastructures. A major feature for this new architecture is the use of a shared transmission media between all users; hence, medium access control arbitration mechanisms are essential for the successful implementation of EPON: i.e., to ensure a contention-free transmission and provide end users with equal access to the shared media. We propose to use the multipoint control protocol defined by the IEEE 802.3ah task force to arbitrate the transmission of different users, and we present different dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithms to allocate bandwidths effectively and fairly between end users. These DBA algorithms are also augmented to support differentiated services, a crucial requirement for a converged broadband access network with heterogeneous traffic. We show that queueing delays under strict bandwidth allocation algorithms result in an unexpected behavior for certain traffic classes, and we suggest the use of DBA with appropriate local queue management to alleviate this inappropriate behavior. We conduct detailed simulation experiments to study the performance and validate the effectiveness of the proposed protocols.
527 citations
TL;DR: This article addresses and provides an overview of the upstream bandwidth allocation issue for multiservice access provisioning over EPONs, and proposes an algorithm for dynamic bandwidth allocation with service differentiation based on the multipoint control protocol (MPCP) and bursty traffic prediction.
Abstract: Ethernet passive optical networks are a low-cost high-speed solution to the bottleneck problem of the broadband access network. A major characteristic of EPONs is the shared upstream channel among end users, mandating efficient medium access control to facilitate statistical multiplexing and provision multiple services for different types of traffic. This article addresses and provides an overview of the upstream bandwidth allocation issue for multiservice access provisioning over EPONs, and proposes an algorithm for dynamic bandwidth allocation with service differentiation. Based on the multipoint control protocol (MPCP) and bursty traffic prediction, our algorithm enhances QoS metrics such as average frame delay, average queue length, and frame loss probability over other existing protocols
198 citations
TL;DR: The article presents an Ethernet gigabit PON (GPON) system aligned with the philosophy of the evolving FSAN (full service access network) ITU-T specification, which focuses on the efficient support of any level of quality of service.
Abstract: The standardization of passive optical networks capable of transporting Ethernet frames at gigabit-per-second speeds, currently in progress in both ITU-T and IEEE, constitutes a major milestone toward cost-effective photonization of the last (aka first) mile. The article presents an Ethernet gigabit PON (GPON) system aligned with the philosophy of the evolving FSAN (full service access network) ITU-T specification, which focuses on the efficient support of any level of quality of service. The intelligence of this system, in terms of traffic quality guarantees, lies in the MAC protocol, which controls the distributed multiplexing/concentration function by allocating variable length slots to every user of the shared upstream (toward the network) medium. The way transport of information is organized in an ITU-T GPON system and the operation of a MAC protocol that preserves all QoS guarantees are presented and evaluated.
131 citations
TL;DR: A MAC protocol designed to serve any mix of services according to their quality of service (QoS) needs, employing four priority levels along with a high number of logically separate data queues is presented.
Abstract: SUMMARY The steadily rising demand for multimedia and data services, the falling cost and omnipresence of Ethernet and the maturity of passive optical networks (PON) technology, promise to radically change the landscape in the local loop. The heart of a gigabit PON system (recently standardized by FSAN/ITU) is the medium access controller (MAC), which arbitrates access to the upstream link among users with fluctuating traffic demands and effects the multiplexing and concentration policy. At the same time, it has to safeguard the service quality and enforce the parameters agreed in the service level agreements (SLAs) between the users and the service provider. In this paper, a MAC protocol designed to serve any mix of services according to their quality of service (QoS) needs, employing four priority levels along with a high number of logically separate data queues is presented. The architecture and implementation in hardware of a MAC algorithm capable of allocating bandwidth down to a resolution of a byte with QoS differentiation is the focus of this paper. It employs the bandwidth arbitration tools of the FSAN/ITU G.984.3 standard and maps SLA parameters to GPON service parameters to create an efficient, fair and flexible residential access system. Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
78 citations
TL;DR: A dynamic bandwidth assignment protocol is proposed that demonstrates impartial and highly efficient bandwidth arrangement for gigabit-capable passive optical networks and automatically modifies the assigned bandwidth per optical network unit according to maximum network capacity and users' queuing status.
Abstract: A dynamic bandwidth assignment protocol is proposed that demonstrates impartial and highly efficient bandwidth arrangement for gigabit-capable passive optical networks. In particular the novel algorithm automatically modifies the assigned bandwidth per optical network unit to support quality of service and service level agreement according to maximum network capacity and users' queuing status. Network simulation results have demonstrated superior mean packet delay performance achieving a tenfold reduction of packet delay at high network load when compared to other dynamic bandwidth assignment algorithms.
42 citations