Efficient medium arbitration of FSAN-compliant GPONs
01 Jun 2006-International Journal of Communication Systems (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd)-Vol. 19, Iss: 5, pp 603-617
TL;DR: A MAC protocol designed to serve any mix of services according to their quality of service (QoS) needs, employing four priority levels along with a high number of logically separate data queues is presented.
Abstract: SUMMARY The steadily rising demand for multimedia and data services, the falling cost and omnipresence of Ethernet and the maturity of passive optical networks (PON) technology, promise to radically change the landscape in the local loop. The heart of a gigabit PON system (recently standardized by FSAN/ITU) is the medium access controller (MAC), which arbitrates access to the upstream link among users with fluctuating traffic demands and effects the multiplexing and concentration policy. At the same time, it has to safeguard the service quality and enforce the parameters agreed in the service level agreements (SLAs) between the users and the service provider. In this paper, a MAC protocol designed to serve any mix of services according to their quality of service (QoS) needs, employing four priority levels along with a high number of logically separate data queues is presented. The architecture and implementation in hardware of a MAC algorithm capable of allocating bandwidth down to a resolution of a byte with QoS differentiation is the focus of this paper. It employs the bandwidth arbitration tools of the FSAN/ITU G.984.3 standard and maps SLA parameters to GPON service parameters to create an efficient, fair and flexible residential access system. Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Citations
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19 Mar 2017
TL;DR: This work proposes a virtual-DBA architecture enabling true PON multi-tenancy, giving Virtual Network Operators full control over capacity assignment algorithms, and achieves virtualization enabling efficient capacity sharing without increasing scheduling delay compared to traditional PONs.
Abstract: We propose a virtual-DBA architecture enabling true PON multi-tenancy, giving Virtual Network Operators full control over capacity assignment algorithms. We achieve virtualization enabling efficient capacity sharing without increasing scheduling delay compared to traditional (non-virtualized) PONs.
36 citations
Cites methods from "Efficient medium arbitration of FSA..."
...The number of VNOs was set to two with equal number of ONUs and both employ GIANT [10] as vDBA with three T-CONTs, namely: assured, non-assured and best effort....
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04 Jun 2014
TL;DR: Through a simulative study, it is shown that using group assured bandwidth can improve the performance of the network in terms of average delay and lost packets, especially when the traffic load from the base stations has an heterogeneous nature.
Abstract: Backhauling base stations with Passive Optical Networks (PONs) besides bringing a new revenue source for the PON operator, can reduce the cost of installing new base stations for the mobile operator since a new, dedicated, backhaul can be avoided. If mobile operators have more than one base station on the PON, they might be interested in assuring bandwidth to a group of base stations as opposed to assuring bandwidth to each base station individually. This gives the mobile operator the ability to make use of the properties of statistical multiplexing to require smaller amount of bandwidth to serve its base stations adequately. We discuss this new concept of Group Assured Bandwidth and its advantages for different types of traffic. In order to be able to assign group assured bandwidth, we propose the group-GIANT (gGIANT) scheduler for 10-gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network (XG-PON), a state of the art standard for PONs. Through a simulative study, it is shown that using group assured bandwidth can improve the performance of the network in terms of average delay and lost packets, especially when the traffic load from the base stations has an heterogeneous nature.
36 citations
TL;DR: An improved bandwidth utilization (IBU) algorithm is presented, which improves the mean of upstream delays of type 2 traffic up to 98%, 93%, and 76% and up to 99%, 92%, and 73% for type 3 traffic compared to the GIANT, IACG, and EBU algorithms, respectively.
Abstract: Passive optical networks (PONs) require a dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithm at the optical line terminal for efficient utilization of upstream bandwidth among the optical network units (ONUs) as per the quality of service requirements for each traffic class defined by PON standardizing bodies. The GigaPON access network (GIANT) was the first International Telecommunication Union compliant DBA algorithm, which is further improved by Immediate Allocation with Colorless Grant (IACG) and Efficient Bandwidth Utilization (EBU) algorithms. However, the polling mechanism of IACG and EBU may not report the true bandwidth demand of ONUs during a service interval. Furthermore, ONU scheduling mechanisms give preference to best effort traffic over the assured traffic during recursive allocation cycles in a service interval, which results in an increase in upstream delays for the assured traffic class. This paper presents an improved bandwidth utilization (IBU) algorithm, which rectifies these deficiencies with a novel polling and scheduling mechanism. Experimental results show that IBU improves the mean of upstream delays of type 2 traffic up to 98%, 93%, and 76% and up to 99%, 92%, and 73% for type 3 traffic compared to the GIANT, IACG, and EBU algorithms, respectively. IBU also shows the least frame loss compared to these state-of-the-art algorithms.
35 citations
Cites background or methods from "Efficient medium arbitration of FSA..."
...Therefore, this study focuses on an efficient DBA algorithm design that is compatible with ITU PONs....
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...Finally, Section VII concludes the paper with future research directions....
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TL;DR: The proposed scheme uses bandwidth efficiently and reduces mean upstream delay of type‐2 (T2) traffic class by 38% and type‐3 (T3) up to 150% compared to immediate allocation with colorless grant at a cost of up to 10% higher delay for T2, however, T4 performance improves by 400% and minimizes the bandwidth waste per cycle as well as the frame loss rate.
Abstract: For an efficient utilization of the upstream bandwidth in passive optical network, a dynamic bandwidth assignment mechanism is necessary as it helps the service providers in provisioning of bandwidth to users according to the service level agreements. The scheduling mechanism of existing schemes, immediate allocation with colorless grant and efficient bandwidth utilization (EBU), does not assign the surplus bandwidth to a specific traffic class and only divides it equally among the optical network units (ONUs). This results in overreporting of ONU bandwidth demand to the optical line terminal and causes wastage of bandwidth and increase in delays at high traffic loads. Moreover, the EBU also assigns the unused bandwidth of lightly loaded ONU queues to the overloaded queues through an Update operation. This Update operation has a flaw that it borrows the extra bandwidth to a queue in the current service interval, if the queue report is higher than its service level agreement and refunds in next service interval. This borrow-refund operation causes reduced bandwidth allocation to the lower priority classes and increases their delay and frame loss. This study improves both these weaknesses. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme uses bandwidth efficiently and reduces mean upstream delay of type-2 (T2) traffic class by 38% and type-3 (T3) up to 150% compared to immediate allocation with colorless grant at a cost of up to 10% higher delay for T2. However, T4 performance improves by 400% compared to EBU with slight increase in delay for T2 traffic class. Overall, it shows a balanced performance for all the traffic classes and minimizes the bandwidth waste per cycle as well as the frame loss rate.
25 citations
Cites background from "Efficient medium arbitration of FSA..."
...The first DBA for ITU PON is GIANT that was initially presented for GPON in the year 2004(38) and later demonstrated on FPGA in 2006.(10) It divided the bandwidth assignment process during a DBA cycle into 2 phases: the guaranteed phase allocation (GPA) and the surplus phase allocation (SPA)....
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...However, a better practice is to have the sum of the PIR and CIR be less than the FB, which will make sure that the BE traffic class can work well at higher traffic loads.(10) For T4, its SLA variable ABsur4 is assigned in accordance to its peak burst rate....
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TL;DR: A thorough survey of both PON standards, categorize the DBA schemes and review them critically give their opinion on the most suitable DBA scheme for both type PONs on the basis of upstream delays, frame loss and bandwidth utilization efficiency.
Abstract: Abstract In time division, multiple access (TDMA)-based passive optical network (PONs), a dynamic bandwidth assignment (DBA) is necessary for efficient utilization of the available bandwidth of the upstream link. An efficient DBA scheme can improve the upstream performance of a traffic class of an ONU in two ways. First, it can increase the bandwidth assignment to it by efficiently utilizing the available bandwidth. Secondly, it can reduce the channel and frame idle time by increasing the polling frequency and by assigning extra surplus bandwidth not used by the other ONUs. Many DBA schemes have been reported for both ITU PONs (GPON and XGPON) and IEEE PONs (EPON and 10 G EPON). In this study, we explain the impact of DBA scheme on the upstream performance of PON and then do a thorough survey of both PON standards, categorize the DBA schemes and review them critically. Based on the literature review we also give our opinion on the most suitable DBA scheme for both type PONs on the basis of upstream delays, frame loss and bandwidth utilization efficiency.
23 citations
References
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TL;DR: Ethernet passive optical networks are described, an emerging local subscriber access architecture that combines low-cost point-to-multipoint fiber infrastructure with Ethernet, which has emerged as a potential optimized architecture for fiber to the building and Fiber to the home.
Abstract: This article describes Ethernet passive optical networks, an emerging local subscriber access architecture that combines low-cost point-to-multipoint fiber infrastructure with Ethernet. EPONs are designed to carry Ethernet frames at standard Ethernet rates. An EPON uses a single trunk fiber that extends from a central office to a passive optical splitter, which then fans out to multiple optical drop fibers connected to subscriber nodes. Other than the end terminating equipment, no component in the network requires electrical power, hence the term passive. Local carriers have long been interested in passive optical networks for the benefits they offer: minimal fiber infrastructure and no powering requirement in the outside plant. With Ethernet now emerging as the protocol of choice for carrying IP traffic in metro and access networks, EPON has emerged as a potential optimized architecture for fiber to the building and fiber to the home.
716 citations
"Efficient medium arbitration of FSA..." refers background in this paper
...The protocol overhead introduced by ATM for segmenting and transporting large variable-length IP packets into fixed-size 53-byte cells is considered an increased waste of resources (also called ‘cell tax’) and can reach levels above 10% [3]....
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...APONs present the following disadvantages compared to Ethernet PONs (EPONs): higher protocol overhead, lower bandwidth, increased costs and not straightforward integration of LANs into future optical Ethernet-based WANs [3, 4]....
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...The overall efficiency of EPON is also considered higher compared to APON not only because of the higher bit rate (1Gb/s versus 155/622Mb/s) but most important because ATM did not live up to its promise of becoming an inexpensive technology, whereas the large numbers of Ethernet component and system vendors and manufacturing volumes make economics more favourable and integration of LANs transparent for Ethernet-based WANs [5]....
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01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: Internet traffic is approximately doubling each year as discussed by the authors, which is similar to "Moore's Law" in semiconductors, but is slower than the frequently heard claims of a doubling of traffic every three or four months.
Abstract: Internet traffic is approximately doubling each year. This growth rate applies not only to the entire Internet, but to a large range of individual institutions. For a few places we have records going back several years that exhibit this regular rate of growth. Even when there are no obvious bottlenecks, traffic tends not to grow much faster. This reflects complicated interactions of technology, economics, and sociology, similar to, but more delicate than those that have produced "Moore's Law" in semiconductors.A doubling of traffic each year represents extremely fast growth, much faster than the increases in other communication services. If it continues, data traffic will surpass voice traffic around the year 2002. However, this rate of growth is slower than the frequently heard claims of a doubling of traffic every three or four months. Such spectacular growth rates apparently did prevail over a two-year period 1995-6. Ever since, though, growth appears to have reverted to the Internet's historical pattern of a single doubling each year.Progress in transmission technology appears sufficient to double network capacity each year for about the next decade. However, traffic growth faster than a tripling each year could probably not be sustained for more than a few years. Since computing and storage capacities will also be growing, as predicted by the versions of "Moore's Law" appropriate for those technologies, we can expect demand for data transmission to continue increasing. A doubling in Internet traffic each year appears a likely outcome.If Internet traffic continues to double each year, we will have yet another form of "Moore's Law." Such a growth rate would have several important implications. In the intermediate run, there would be neither a clear "bandwidth glut" nor a "bandwidth scarcity," but a more balanced situation, with supply and demand growing at comparable rates. Also, computer and network architectures would be strongly affected, since most data would stay local. Programs such as Napster would play an increasingly important role. Transmission would likely continue to be dominated by file transfers, not by real time streaming media.
141 citations
TL;DR: The article presents an Ethernet gigabit PON (GPON) system aligned with the philosophy of the evolving FSAN (full service access network) ITU-T specification, which focuses on the efficient support of any level of quality of service.
Abstract: The standardization of passive optical networks capable of transporting Ethernet frames at gigabit-per-second speeds, currently in progress in both ITU-T and IEEE, constitutes a major milestone toward cost-effective photonization of the last (aka first) mile. The article presents an Ethernet gigabit PON (GPON) system aligned with the philosophy of the evolving FSAN (full service access network) ITU-T specification, which focuses on the efficient support of any level of quality of service. The intelligence of this system, in terms of traffic quality guarantees, lies in the MAC protocol, which controls the distributed multiplexing/concentration function by allocating variable length slots to every user of the shared upstream (toward the network) medium. The way transport of information is organized in an ITU-T GPON system and the operation of a MAC protocol that preserves all QoS guarantees are presented and evaluated.
131 citations
"Efficient medium arbitration of FSA..." refers background or methods in this paper
...The MAC controller as implemented in hardware for the demonstrator of the IST-GIANT project [7, 11, 12] is described in Section 4 while the performance of the MAC protocol is assessed in Section 5....
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...The algorithm used by the MAC controller presented in this paper has been initially outlined in Reference [10] and is presented in Section 2 in a rigorous manner, probing further on system level design and hardware/software partitioning issues....
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...To this end, the MAC protocol as executor of the TDMA multiplexing in the upstream of the PON is of prime importance for cost effectiveness, fairness, traffic profile control and QoS guarantees [7, 8]....
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...(Further simulation results investigating a large number of operational conditions are presented in Reference [10].)...
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...It adopts fixed periodic framing accommodating TDM and ATM needs, so that services with very strict requirements can be serviced at the right moment, temporarily interrupting data packets, hence the need for fragmentation [7]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review and compare the current PON-based FTTH solutions, ATM-PON (APON) and Ethernet PON (EPON), and provide a possible evolution scenario to future WDMPON.
100 citations
TL;DR: This article presents a comprehensive techno-economic evaluation of two upgrade strategy cases for broadband IP services for residential and business customers, and illustrates their respective merits and pitfalls, allowing the definition of a reasonable investment policy.
Abstract: This article presents a comprehensive techno-economic evaluation of two upgrade strategy cases for broadband IP services for residential and business customers, and illustrates their respective merits and pitfalls, allowing the definition of a reasonable investment policy. The work should enable establishment of guidelines for broadband infrastructure upgrade strategies from the incumbent operator's view. Following the definition of appropriate service sets, and taking into account demand scenarios established within the project, this work has been focused on developing a techno-economic model, based on the TONIC tool. Tariff structures have been applied to compute the key economic indicators, net present value, internal rate of return, and payback period. This investment analysis was carried using the tool, which was developed by IST-TONIC. The results show that the choice of technology (Ethernet or ATM) has almost no effect on the cost level and profitability of the cases. For the suburban area, a fiber to the cabinet solution is too expensive due to heavy infrastructure investments; for dense urban and urban areas the FTTC solution is worth the investments. The FTTH/office deployment scenario is only profitable in dense urban areas (>5000 potential customers/km/sup 2/) and already highly risky in the urban area.
80 citations
"Efficient medium arbitration of FSA..." refers background in this paper
...APONs present the following disadvantages compared to Ethernet PONs (EPONs): higher protocol overhead, lower bandwidth, increased costs and not straightforward integration of LANs into future optical Ethernet-based WANs [3, 4]....
[...]
...The overall efficiency of EPON is also considered higher compared to APON not only because of the higher bit rate (1Gb/s versus 155/622Mb/s) but most important because ATM did not live up to its promise of becoming an inexpensive technology, whereas the large numbers of Ethernet component and system vendors and manufacturing volumes make economics more favourable and integration of LANs transparent for Ethernet-based WANs [5]....
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