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Journal ArticleDOI

Efficient medium arbitration of FSAN-compliant GPONs

TL;DR: A MAC protocol designed to serve any mix of services according to their quality of service (QoS) needs, employing four priority levels along with a high number of logically separate data queues is presented.
Abstract: SUMMARY The steadily rising demand for multimedia and data services, the falling cost and omnipresence of Ethernet and the maturity of passive optical networks (PON) technology, promise to radically change the landscape in the local loop. The heart of a gigabit PON system (recently standardized by FSAN/ITU) is the medium access controller (MAC), which arbitrates access to the upstream link among users with fluctuating traffic demands and effects the multiplexing and concentration policy. At the same time, it has to safeguard the service quality and enforce the parameters agreed in the service level agreements (SLAs) between the users and the service provider. In this paper, a MAC protocol designed to serve any mix of services according to their quality of service (QoS) needs, employing four priority levels along with a high number of logically separate data queues is presented. The architecture and implementation in hardware of a MAC algorithm capable of allocating bandwidth down to a resolution of a byte with QoS differentiation is the focus of this paper. It employs the bandwidth arbitration tools of the FSAN/ITU G.984.3 standard and maps SLA parameters to GPON service parameters to create an efficient, fair and flexible residential access system. Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Citations
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Proceedings ArticleDOI
08 Jun 2015
TL;DR: X-GIANT is proposed, which extends GPON based GigaPON Access Network (GIANT) DBA, with validated optimisations to the originally proposed key parameters - service timers and assured vs non-assured ratio of medium priority traffic, for XG-PON.
Abstract: XG-PON requires an effective dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) mechanism for upstream traffic to support quality of service for different classes of traffic. We propose X-GIANT, which extends GPON based GigaPON Access Network (GIANT) DBA, with validated optimisations to the originally proposed key parameters - service timers and assured vs non-assured ratio of medium priority traffic. We implement X-GIANT in a standard-compliant XG-PON module designed for the state-of-the-art ns-3 simulator, tune the above key parameters and show that mean-delay and throughput for different classes of traffic obey the XG-PON requirements and respect priorities at both light and heavy upstream loads. We also show that X-GIANT shows better mean-delay performance than Efficient Bandwidth Utilisation (EBU), a recently proposed, GIANT-derived, priority-based DBA mechanism for XG-PON, for all three classes of traffic simulated.

23 citations


Cites background or methods from "Efficient medium arbitration of FSA..."

  • ...The first such implementation, the GIANT DBA [10], was published in 2006, benchmarking QoS based DBA implementation for GPON....

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  • ...A down counter (service timer in [10]) kept track of each T-CONT type’s SI; the expiry of each service timer invoked the allocation of AB for the corresponding T-CONT....

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  • ...It had the following fixed mapping between the classes of traffic and traffic container (TCONT) types in its implementation: • T-CONT T1 : fixed bandwidth only • T-CONT T2 : assured bandwidth only • T-CONT T3 : assured & non-assured bandwidth • T-CONT T4 : best-effort bandwidth only Each T-CONT was given a higher size of US data (allocation bytes or AB in [10]) to be transferred at a fixed interval (service interval or SI in [10], equivalent to integer multiples of the periodicity of a single US frame in GPON)....

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  • ...We did not use T1 traffic flow in any experiment as T1 has a fixed allocation in GIANT [10]....

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  • ...mean delay For the T3 traffic, GIANT, IA and EBU used fixed values for the ratio between assured portion (GIR in [10]) and total allocation bytes (PIR in [10]) ....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new efficient DBA protocol, named GPON Redundancy Eraser Algorithm for Long-Reach (GREAL), is proposed, removing the redundancy caused by an ONU polling cycle or Scheduling Interval smaller than the Round-Trip-Time (RTT), while providing also multi-service QoS.

20 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study presents an Efficient Cyclic Sleep (ECS) framework to configure all CSM parameters and timers with optimum values in the presence of all traffic classes and DBA scheme, which maximizes the energy savings even at very high traffic loads while satisfying the target average delay limit of 56 ms for both US and DS links.

19 citations


Cites background from "Efficient medium arbitration of FSA..."

  • ...The ITU compliant DBA schemes like GIANT [62] and its improved versions [20,63,64] have a fixed polling cycle period defined in terms of number of DS or US cycles termed as service interval (SI)....

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  • ...For a detailed insight into these DBA scheme the reader is referred to [20,62]....

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  • ...The GIANT scheme executes DBA cycle only once....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work presents the benefits that the group-assured dynamic bandwidth assignment (DBA) algorithm brings to access network virtualization and enables operators to take advantage of the benefits of statistical multiplexing, while maintaining isolation from other operators in the PON.
Abstract: Deploying passive optical networks (PONs) requires substantial investments, despite their savings compared to point-to-point solutions. Consequently, network-sharing business models where a network operator leases its system to other service providers, are being investigated and deployed in some countries. These types of schemes require that operators are either physically isolated or have reserved capacity so that they can operate independently. We present the benefits that our group-assured dynamic bandwidth assignment (DBA) algorithm brings to access network virtualization. This algorithm enables operators to take advantage of the benefits of statistical multiplexing, while maintaining isolation from other operators in the PON. To test our algorithm, we considered the particular use case of a mobile system backhauling multiple base stations through a PON. Our tests, operated over real mobile traffic traces, show increased quality of service with a reduction of backhaul capacity of >30% compared to a legacy DBA algorithm.

18 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
27 Mar 2014
TL;DR: Using simulations, it is shown that DBAHU is superior to SFDBA in mean delay and frame delay variance and the unused remainder of an available byte counter of a service class is added to available byte counters of other service classes who require more bandwidth.
Abstract: In this paper, we propose a dynamic bandwidth allocation with high utilization (DBAHU) algorithm in order to utilize the unused bandwidth of a service class. DBAHU is based on a simple and feasible dynamic bandwidth allocation (SFDBA) algorithm. Like SFDBA, DBAHU uses a common available byte counter and a common down counter for multiple queues of a service class. However, to utilize the unused bandwidth of a service class, an available byte counter can be negative unlike SFDBA. Also, the unused remainder of an available byte counter of a service class is added to available byte counters of other service classes who require more bandwidth. Using simulations, we show that DBAHU is superior to SFDBA in mean delay and frame delay variance.

18 citations


Cites background from "Efficient medium arbitration of FSA..."

  • ...The frame size follows the tri-modal distribution [12], where the frame sizes are 64, 500, and 1500 bytes and their load fractions are 60%, 20% and 20%, respectively as in [6]....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Ethernet passive optical networks are described, an emerging local subscriber access architecture that combines low-cost point-to-multipoint fiber infrastructure with Ethernet, which has emerged as a potential optimized architecture for fiber to the building and Fiber to the home.
Abstract: This article describes Ethernet passive optical networks, an emerging local subscriber access architecture that combines low-cost point-to-multipoint fiber infrastructure with Ethernet. EPONs are designed to carry Ethernet frames at standard Ethernet rates. An EPON uses a single trunk fiber that extends from a central office to a passive optical splitter, which then fans out to multiple optical drop fibers connected to subscriber nodes. Other than the end terminating equipment, no component in the network requires electrical power, hence the term passive. Local carriers have long been interested in passive optical networks for the benefits they offer: minimal fiber infrastructure and no powering requirement in the outside plant. With Ethernet now emerging as the protocol of choice for carrying IP traffic in metro and access networks, EPON has emerged as a potential optimized architecture for fiber to the building and fiber to the home.

716 citations


"Efficient medium arbitration of FSA..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The protocol overhead introduced by ATM for segmenting and transporting large variable-length IP packets into fixed-size 53-byte cells is considered an increased waste of resources (also called ‘cell tax’) and can reach levels above 10% [3]....

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  • ...APONs present the following disadvantages compared to Ethernet PONs (EPONs): higher protocol overhead, lower bandwidth, increased costs and not straightforward integration of LANs into future optical Ethernet-based WANs [3, 4]....

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  • ...The overall efficiency of EPON is also considered higher compared to APON not only because of the higher bit rate (1Gb/s versus 155/622Mb/s) but most important because ATM did not live up to its promise of becoming an inexpensive technology, whereas the large numbers of Ethernet component and system vendors and manufacturing volumes make economics more favourable and integration of LANs transparent for Ethernet-based WANs [5]....

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Book ChapterDOI
K. G. Coffman1, Andrew Odlyzko1
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: Internet traffic is approximately doubling each year as discussed by the authors, which is similar to "Moore's Law" in semiconductors, but is slower than the frequently heard claims of a doubling of traffic every three or four months.
Abstract: Internet traffic is approximately doubling each year. This growth rate applies not only to the entire Internet, but to a large range of individual institutions. For a few places we have records going back several years that exhibit this regular rate of growth. Even when there are no obvious bottlenecks, traffic tends not to grow much faster. This reflects complicated interactions of technology, economics, and sociology, similar to, but more delicate than those that have produced "Moore's Law" in semiconductors.A doubling of traffic each year represents extremely fast growth, much faster than the increases in other communication services. If it continues, data traffic will surpass voice traffic around the year 2002. However, this rate of growth is slower than the frequently heard claims of a doubling of traffic every three or four months. Such spectacular growth rates apparently did prevail over a two-year period 1995-6. Ever since, though, growth appears to have reverted to the Internet's historical pattern of a single doubling each year.Progress in transmission technology appears sufficient to double network capacity each year for about the next decade. However, traffic growth faster than a tripling each year could probably not be sustained for more than a few years. Since computing and storage capacities will also be growing, as predicted by the versions of "Moore's Law" appropriate for those technologies, we can expect demand for data transmission to continue increasing. A doubling in Internet traffic each year appears a likely outcome.If Internet traffic continues to double each year, we will have yet another form of "Moore's Law." Such a growth rate would have several important implications. In the intermediate run, there would be neither a clear "bandwidth glut" nor a "bandwidth scarcity," but a more balanced situation, with supply and demand growing at comparable rates. Also, computer and network architectures would be strongly affected, since most data would stay local. Programs such as Napster would play an increasingly important role. Transmission would likely continue to be dominated by file transfers, not by real time streaming media.

141 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The article presents an Ethernet gigabit PON (GPON) system aligned with the philosophy of the evolving FSAN (full service access network) ITU-T specification, which focuses on the efficient support of any level of quality of service.
Abstract: The standardization of passive optical networks capable of transporting Ethernet frames at gigabit-per-second speeds, currently in progress in both ITU-T and IEEE, constitutes a major milestone toward cost-effective photonization of the last (aka first) mile. The article presents an Ethernet gigabit PON (GPON) system aligned with the philosophy of the evolving FSAN (full service access network) ITU-T specification, which focuses on the efficient support of any level of quality of service. The intelligence of this system, in terms of traffic quality guarantees, lies in the MAC protocol, which controls the distributed multiplexing/concentration function by allocating variable length slots to every user of the shared upstream (toward the network) medium. The way transport of information is organized in an ITU-T GPON system and the operation of a MAC protocol that preserves all QoS guarantees are presented and evaluated.

131 citations


"Efficient medium arbitration of FSA..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...The MAC controller as implemented in hardware for the demonstrator of the IST-GIANT project [7, 11, 12] is described in Section 4 while the performance of the MAC protocol is assessed in Section 5....

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  • ...The algorithm used by the MAC controller presented in this paper has been initially outlined in Reference [10] and is presented in Section 2 in a rigorous manner, probing further on system level design and hardware/software partitioning issues....

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  • ...To this end, the MAC protocol as executor of the TDMA multiplexing in the upstream of the PON is of prime importance for cost effectiveness, fairness, traffic profile control and QoS guarantees [7, 8]....

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  • ...(Further simulation results investigating a large number of operational conditions are presented in Reference [10].)...

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  • ...It adopts fixed periodic framing accommodating TDM and ATM needs, so that services with very strict requirements can be serviced at the right moment, temporarily interrupting data packets, hence the need for fragmentation [7]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review and compare the current PON-based FTTH solutions, ATM-PON (APON) and Ethernet PON (EPON), and provide a possible evolution scenario to future WDMPON.

100 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article presents a comprehensive techno-economic evaluation of two upgrade strategy cases for broadband IP services for residential and business customers, and illustrates their respective merits and pitfalls, allowing the definition of a reasonable investment policy.
Abstract: This article presents a comprehensive techno-economic evaluation of two upgrade strategy cases for broadband IP services for residential and business customers, and illustrates their respective merits and pitfalls, allowing the definition of a reasonable investment policy. The work should enable establishment of guidelines for broadband infrastructure upgrade strategies from the incumbent operator's view. Following the definition of appropriate service sets, and taking into account demand scenarios established within the project, this work has been focused on developing a techno-economic model, based on the TONIC tool. Tariff structures have been applied to compute the key economic indicators, net present value, internal rate of return, and payback period. This investment analysis was carried using the tool, which was developed by IST-TONIC. The results show that the choice of technology (Ethernet or ATM) has almost no effect on the cost level and profitability of the cases. For the suburban area, a fiber to the cabinet solution is too expensive due to heavy infrastructure investments; for dense urban and urban areas the FTTC solution is worth the investments. The FTTH/office deployment scenario is only profitable in dense urban areas (>5000 potential customers/km/sup 2/) and already highly risky in the urban area.

80 citations


"Efficient medium arbitration of FSA..." refers background in this paper

  • ...APONs present the following disadvantages compared to Ethernet PONs (EPONs): higher protocol overhead, lower bandwidth, increased costs and not straightforward integration of LANs into future optical Ethernet-based WANs [3, 4]....

    [...]

  • ...The overall efficiency of EPON is also considered higher compared to APON not only because of the higher bit rate (1Gb/s versus 155/622Mb/s) but most important because ATM did not live up to its promise of becoming an inexpensive technology, whereas the large numbers of Ethernet component and system vendors and manufacturing volumes make economics more favourable and integration of LANs transparent for Ethernet-based WANs [5]....

    [...]