Efficient medium arbitration of FSAN-compliant GPONs

doi:10.1002/DAC.761

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Efficient medium arbitration of FSAN-compliant GPONs

Journal Article•DOI•

Efficient medium arbitration of FSAN-compliant GPONs

Helen-Catherine Leligou¹, Charalambos Linardakis¹, Konstantinos Kanonakis¹, John D. Angelopoulos¹, Theofanis Orphanoudakis¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (1)

National Technical University of Athens¹

01 Jun 2006-International Journal of Communication Systems (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd)-Vol. 19, Iss: 5, pp 603-617

TL;DR: A MAC protocol designed to serve any mix of services according to their quality of service (QoS) needs, employing four priority levels along with a high number of logically separate data queues is presented.

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Abstract: SUMMARY The steadily rising demand for multimedia and data services, the falling cost and omnipresence of Ethernet and the maturity of passive optical networks (PON) technology, promise to radically change the landscape in the local loop. The heart of a gigabit PON system (recently standardized by FSAN/ITU) is the medium access controller (MAC), which arbitrates access to the upstream link among users with fluctuating traffic demands and effects the multiplexing and concentration policy. At the same time, it has to safeguard the service quality and enforce the parameters agreed in the service level agreements (SLAs) between the users and the service provider. In this paper, a MAC protocol designed to serve any mix of services according to their quality of service (QoS) needs, employing four priority levels along with a high number of logically separate data queues is presented. The architecture and implementation in hardware of a MAC algorithm capable of allocating bandwidth down to a resolution of a byte with QoS differentiation is the focus of this paper. It employs the bandwidth arbitration tools of the FSAN/ITU G.984.3 standard and maps SLA parameters to GPON service parameters to create an efficient, fair and flexible residential access system. Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Predicting and allocating bandwidth in the optical access architecture XG-PON

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Constantine A. Kyriakopoulos¹, Georgios I. Papadimitriou¹•Institutions (1)

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki¹

01 Jul 2017-Optical Switching and Networking

TL;DR: A bandwidth allocation method that incorporates the characteristics of the underlying XG-PON access architecture in its computational logic, for improving bandwidth efficiency and ensuring fairness among served end-user units, is presented and evaluated.

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12 citations

Patent•

Apparatus and method for allocating dynamic bandwidth

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Hark Yoo¹, Geun Yong Kim¹, Youngsuk Lee¹, Kim Sung Chang¹, Jong Deog Kim¹, Dongsoo Lee¹ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (1)

Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute¹

08 Nov 2010

TL;DR: In this article, a dynamic bandwidth allocation apparatus for passive optical networks is proposed, which detects guarantee agreement information of each transmission container (T-CONT) queue of at least one optical network unit (ONU) that is connected to the DBA in order to dynamically allocate a bandwidth is provided.

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Abstract: A dynamic bandwidth allocation apparatus of a passive optical network detects guarantee agreement information of each transmission container (T-CONT) queue of at least one optical network unit (ONU) that is connected to the dynamic bandwidth allocation apparatus in order to dynamically allocate a bandwidth is provided. The dynamic bandwidth allocation apparatus sets a queue threshold according to a buffer size of each T-CONT queue of at least one ONU, and calculates a service level agreement (SLA) parameter of at least one ONU using guarantee agreement information and a queue threshold. The dynamic bandwidth allocation apparatus allocates a bandwidth for every frame of each ONU using each SLA parameter of at least one ONU.

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11 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Review on Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation of GPON and EPON

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Theresal Thangappan¹, Brintha Therese¹, Adi Suvarnamma², Gadda Sai Swapna³•Institutions (3)

VIT University¹, Vels University², Government Polytechnic College³

19 May 2020-Journal of Electronic Science and Technology

TL;DR: This paper will provide a clear review about the DBA algorithm of both technologies as well as the comparison about the dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithm.

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11 citations

Patent•

Method and apparatus for transporting deterministic traffic in a gigabit passive optical network

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John Siwko¹, Andrew Jeffrey Hall¹•Institutions (1)

AT&T¹

04 Jun 2007

TL;DR: In this paper, a system and method for transporting deterministic traffic in a gigabit passive optical network is described, which is based on the Optical Line Termination (OLT) protocol.

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Abstract: A system and method are disclosed for transporting deterministic traffic in a gigabit passive optical network. A system that incorporates teachings of the present disclosure may include, for example, an Optical Line Termination (OLT) for exchanging data traffic in a Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) having a controller programmed to generate a timeslot schedule for transport of a desired bandwidth of constant bit rate (CBR) data traffic by selecting one or more timeslots from periodic frame clusters operating according to a GPON Transmission Convergence (GTC) protocol. Additional embodiments are disclosed.

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10 citations

Proceedings Article•

Dynamic bandwidth allocation method for high link utilization to support NSR ONUs in GPON

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Hakjeon Bang¹, Sung-Chang Kim², Dongsoo Lee², Chang-Soo Park¹•Institutions (2)

Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology¹, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute²

07 Feb 2010

TL;DR: A dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) method to support NSR optical network units (ONUs) and to improve link utilization based on the Full Service Access Network (FSAN)-compliant gigabit passive optical network (GPON).

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Abstract: Non-status reporting (NSR) ONUs underutilize link capacity, since they do not inform queue occupancy to the optical line terminal (OLT) as well as traffics in access network are bursty We suggest a dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) method to support NSR optical network units (ONUs) and to improve link utilization based on the Full Service Access Network (FSAN)-compliant gigabit passive optical network (GPON) Also, we simulate it to show how inevitable underutilization can be reduced through the proposed DBA method

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9 citations

Cites background or methods from "Efficient medium arbitration of FSA..."

...Each service parameter value is determined by the method of the FSAN-compliant GPON DBA [3]....
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...In the NSR case, the MAC controller will stop allocating bandwidth only when an empty queue is surmised, which is always accomplished at the expense of an underutilized last allocation [3]....
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...Instead, the OLT estimates the ONU queue status, typically based on the actual transmission in the previous cycle, through monitoring the GEM header which indicates an idle frame [3][10]....
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...In previous study, there are a few GPON DBA method to improve throughput and to differentiate services [2-5], but still some implicit application of dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) methods is possible for NSR ONUs albeit with a certain inevitable inefficiency [3][10]....
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...Since the assured bandwidth means the fixed average bandwidth over a specified time interval [3], bandwidth utilization can be increased by handling available bandwidth for surplus through immediate bandwidth allocation in service interval....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Ethernet passive optical network (EPON): building a next-generation optical access network

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Glen Kramer, Gerry Pesavento

01 Feb 2002-IEEE Communications Magazine

TL;DR: Ethernet passive optical networks are described, an emerging local subscriber access architecture that combines low-cost point-to-multipoint fiber infrastructure with Ethernet, which has emerged as a potential optimized architecture for fiber to the building and Fiber to the home.

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Abstract: This article describes Ethernet passive optical networks, an emerging local subscriber access architecture that combines low-cost point-to-multipoint fiber infrastructure with Ethernet. EPONs are designed to carry Ethernet frames at standard Ethernet rates. An EPON uses a single trunk fiber that extends from a central office to a passive optical splitter, which then fans out to multiple optical drop fibers connected to subscriber nodes. Other than the end terminating equipment, no component in the network requires electrical power, hence the term passive. Local carriers have long been interested in passive optical networks for the benefits they offer: minimal fiber infrastructure and no powering requirement in the outside plant. With Ethernet now emerging as the protocol of choice for carrying IP traffic in metro and access networks, EPON has emerged as a potential optimized architecture for fiber to the building and fiber to the home.

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716 citations

"Efficient medium arbitration of FSA..." refers background in this paper

...The protocol overhead introduced by ATM for segmenting and transporting large variable-length IP packets into fixed-size 53-byte cells is considered an increased waste of resources (also called ‘cell tax’) and can reach levels above 10% [3]....
[...]
...APONs present the following disadvantages compared to Ethernet PONs (EPONs): higher protocol overhead, lower bandwidth, increased costs and not straightforward integration of LANs into future optical Ethernet-based WANs [3, 4]....
[...]
...The overall efficiency of EPON is also considered higher compared to APON not only because of the higher bit rate (1Gb/s versus 155/622Mb/s) but most important because ATM did not live up to its promise of becoming an inexpensive technology, whereas the large numbers of Ethernet component and system vendors and manufacturing volumes make economics more favourable and integration of LANs transparent for Ethernet-based WANs [5]....
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Book Chapter•DOI•

Internet growth: is there a Moore's law for data traffic?

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K. G. Coffman¹, Andrew Odlyzko¹•Institutions (1)

AT&T Labs¹

01 Jan 2002

TL;DR: Internet traffic is approximately doubling each year as discussed by the authors, which is similar to "Moore's Law" in semiconductors, but is slower than the frequently heard claims of a doubling of traffic every three or four months.

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Abstract: Internet traffic is approximately doubling each year. This growth rate applies not only to the entire Internet, but to a large range of individual institutions. For a few places we have records going back several years that exhibit this regular rate of growth. Even when there are no obvious bottlenecks, traffic tends not to grow much faster. This reflects complicated interactions of technology, economics, and sociology, similar to, but more delicate than those that have produced "Moore's Law" in semiconductors.A doubling of traffic each year represents extremely fast growth, much faster than the increases in other communication services. If it continues, data traffic will surpass voice traffic around the year 2002. However, this rate of growth is slower than the frequently heard claims of a doubling of traffic every three or four months. Such spectacular growth rates apparently did prevail over a two-year period 1995-6. Ever since, though, growth appears to have reverted to the Internet's historical pattern of a single doubling each year.Progress in transmission technology appears sufficient to double network capacity each year for about the next decade. However, traffic growth faster than a tripling each year could probably not be sustained for more than a few years. Since computing and storage capacities will also be growing, as predicted by the versions of "Moore's Law" appropriate for those technologies, we can expect demand for data transmission to continue increasing. A doubling in Internet traffic each year appears a likely outcome.If Internet traffic continues to double each year, we will have yet another form of "Moore's Law." Such a growth rate would have several important implications. In the intermediate run, there would be neither a clear "bandwidth glut" nor a "bandwidth scarcity," but a more balanced situation, with supply and demand growing at comparable rates. Also, computer and network architectures would be strongly affected, since most data would stay local. Programs such as Napster would play an increasingly important role. Transmission would likely continue to be dominated by file transfers, not by real time streaming media.

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141 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Efficient transport of packets with QoS in an FSAN-aligned GPON

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John D. Angelopoulos¹, Helen C. Leligou¹, T. Argyriou¹, S. Zontos¹, Edwin Augustus Philomena Ringoot², T.N.M. Van Caenegem² - Show less +2 more•Institutions (2)

National and Kapodistrian University of Athens¹, Alcatel-Lucent²

01 Feb 2004-IEEE Communications Magazine

TL;DR: The article presents an Ethernet gigabit PON (GPON) system aligned with the philosophy of the evolving FSAN (full service access network) ITU-T specification, which focuses on the efficient support of any level of quality of service.

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Abstract: The standardization of passive optical networks capable of transporting Ethernet frames at gigabit-per-second speeds, currently in progress in both ITU-T and IEEE, constitutes a major milestone toward cost-effective photonization of the last (aka first) mile. The article presents an Ethernet gigabit PON (GPON) system aligned with the philosophy of the evolving FSAN (full service access network) ITU-T specification, which focuses on the efficient support of any level of quality of service. The intelligence of this system, in terms of traffic quality guarantees, lies in the MAC protocol, which controls the distributed multiplexing/concentration function by allocating variable length slots to every user of the shared upstream (toward the network) medium. The way transport of information is organized in an ITU-T GPON system and the operation of a MAC protocol that preserves all QoS guarantees are presented and evaluated.

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131 citations

"Efficient medium arbitration of FSA..." refers background or methods in this paper

...The MAC controller as implemented in hardware for the demonstrator of the IST-GIANT project [7, 11, 12] is described in Section 4 while the performance of the MAC protocol is assessed in Section 5....
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...The algorithm used by the MAC controller presented in this paper has been initially outlined in Reference [10] and is presented in Section 2 in a rigorous manner, probing further on system level design and hardware/software partitioning issues....
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...To this end, the MAC protocol as executor of the TDMA multiplexing in the upstream of the PON is of prime importance for cost effectiveness, fairness, traffic profile control and QoS guarantees [7, 8]....
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...(Further simulation results investigating a large number of operational conditions are presented in Reference [10].)...
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...It adopts fixed periodic framing accommodating TDM and ATM needs, so that services with very strict requirements can be serviced at the right moment, temporarily interrupting data packets, hence the need for fragmentation [7]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

On the evolution of PON-based FTTH solutions

[...]

Kyeong Soo Kim¹•Institutions (1)

STMicroelectronics¹

01 Jan 2003-Information Sciences

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review and compare the current PON-based FTTH solutions, ATM-PON (APON) and Ethernet PON (EPON), and provide a possible evolution scenario to future WDMPON.

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100 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Economics of fixed broadband access network strategies

[...]

T. Monath¹, N. Kristian, Philip Cadro, Dimitris Katsianis, Dimitris Varoutas - Show less +1 more•Institutions (1)

National and Kapodistrian University of Athens¹

01 Sep 2003-IEEE Communications Magazine

TL;DR: This article presents a comprehensive techno-economic evaluation of two upgrade strategy cases for broadband IP services for residential and business customers, and illustrates their respective merits and pitfalls, allowing the definition of a reasonable investment policy.

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Abstract: This article presents a comprehensive techno-economic evaluation of two upgrade strategy cases for broadband IP services for residential and business customers, and illustrates their respective merits and pitfalls, allowing the definition of a reasonable investment policy. The work should enable establishment of guidelines for broadband infrastructure upgrade strategies from the incumbent operator's view. Following the definition of appropriate service sets, and taking into account demand scenarios established within the project, this work has been focused on developing a techno-economic model, based on the TONIC tool. Tariff structures have been applied to compute the key economic indicators, net present value, internal rate of return, and payback period. This investment analysis was carried using the tool, which was developed by IST-TONIC. The results show that the choice of technology (Ethernet or ATM) has almost no effect on the cost level and profitability of the cases. For the suburban area, a fiber to the cabinet solution is too expensive due to heavy infrastructure investments; for dense urban and urban areas the FTTC solution is worth the investments. The FTTH/office deployment scenario is only profitable in dense urban areas (>5000 potential customers/km/sup 2/) and already highly risky in the urban area.

...read moreread less

80 citations

"Efficient medium arbitration of FSA..." refers background in this paper

...APONs present the following disadvantages compared to Ethernet PONs (EPONs): higher protocol overhead, lower bandwidth, increased costs and not straightforward integration of LANs into future optical Ethernet-based WANs [3, 4]....
[...]
...The overall efficiency of EPON is also considered higher compared to APON not only because of the higher bit rate (1Gb/s versus 155/622Mb/s) but most important because ATM did not live up to its promise of becoming an inexpensive technology, whereas the large numbers of Ethernet component and system vendors and manufacturing volumes make economics more favourable and integration of LANs transparent for Ethernet-based WANs [5]....
[...]