El procés de desistiment de les persones empresonades. Obstacles i suports

Abstract: Resumen basado en el de la publicacion Resumen en ingles y catalan Monografico con el titulo: Pedagogia social comunitaria y exclusion social

Abstract: La recerca aborda la situacio penitenciaria de regressio a segon grau d'una persona classificada en tercer grau de tractament. Aquesta recerca neix de la dada que a Catalunya el retorn esglaonat a la comunitat (a partir del tercer grau o de la llibertat condicional) no es la forma habitual en que les persones condemnades extingeixen la condemna sino que resulta mes comu la finalitzacio en segon grau. Aquesta realitat resulta preocupant ja que existeix una evidencia cientifica favorable al retorn esglaonat com un sistema amb mes probabilitats d'aconseguir la reinsercio de la persona. La recerca parteix de que un dels factors que explica aquesta taxa baixa de finalitzacio de la condemna en tercer grau o en llibertat condicional es justament la regressio a segon grau. Acceptat aquest fet, els objectius de la recerca consisteixen en valorar si el nostre sistema penitenciari fa un us restringit de la regressio i en explorar si es poden identificar les causes que expliquen que una vegada que s'ha produit la regressio sigui dificil reprendre el proces de reinsercio a la comunitat. Per dur a terme la recerca s'ha pres com a poblacio de referencia les persones que van patir una regressio a segon grau a Catalunya durant l'any 2011 i que finalitzen la seva condemna entre l'1 de juliol i el 31 de desembre del 2012. Aixo dona una poblacio de 52 persones. S'ha procedit a estudiar els expedients penitenciaris d'aquestes persones i s'ha aconseguit entrevistar al 75% d'elles. La recerca posa de manifest que la nostra practica de regressio es troba encara allunyada d'un model garantista i rehabilitador, indica algunes raons que expliquen la dificultat de recuperar el tercer grau o la llibertat condicional una vegada regressat i finalment s'assenyalen un conjunt de recomanacions o bones practiques.

Abstract: The present article presents an integrative theoretical framework to explain and to predict psychological changes achieved by different modes of treatment. This theory states that psychological procedures, whatever their form, alter the level and strength of self-efficacy. It is hypothesized that expectations of personal efficacy determine whether coping behavior will be initiated, how much effort will be expended, and how long it will be sustained in the face of obstacles and aversive experiences. Persistence in activities that are subjectively threatening but in fact relatively safe produces, through experiences of mastery, further enhancement of self-efficacy and corresponding reductions in defensive behavior. In the proposed model, expectations of personal efficacy are derived from four principal sources of information: performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological states. The more dependable the experiential sources, the greater are the changes in perceived selfefficacy. A number of factors are identified as influencing the cognitive processing of efficacy information arising from enactive, vicarious, exhortative, and emotive sources. The differential power of diverse therapeutic procedures is analyzed in terms of the postulated cognitive mechanism of operation. Findings are reported from microanalyses of enactive, vicarious, and emotive modes of treatment that support the hypothesized relationship between perceived self-efficacy and behavioral changes. Possible directions for further research are discussed.

Abstract: This chapter suggests that delinquency conceals two distinct categories of individuals, each with a unique natural history and etiology: A small group engages in antisocial behavior of one sort or another at every life stage, whereas a larger group is antisocial only during adolescence. According to the theory of life-course-persistent antisocial behavior, children's neuropsychological problems interact cumulatively with their criminogenic environments across development, culminating m a pathological personality. According to the theory of adolescence-limited antisocial behavior, a contemporary maturity gap encourages teens to mimic antisocial behavior in ways that are normative and adjustive. There are marked individual differences in the stability of antisocial behavior. The chapter reviews the mysterious relationship between age and antisocial behavior. Some youths who refrain from antisocial behavior may, for some reason, not sense the maturity gap and therefore lack the hypothesized motivation for experimenting with crime.

Abstract: Preface Part I. Crime: 1. Classical theory and the idea of crime 2. The nature of crime Part II. Criminality: 3. Biological positivism 4. Psychological, economic, and sociological positivism 5. The nature of criminality: low self-control Part II. Applications of the Theory: 6. Criminal events and individual propensities: age, gender, and race 7. The social consequences of low self-control 8. Culture and crime 9. White-collar crime 10. Organization and crime Part IV. Research and Policy: 11. Research design and measurement 12. Implications for public policy Index.