Electric Vehicle Traffic Pattern Analysis and Prediction in Aggregation Regions/Parking Lot Zones to Support V2G Operation in Smart Grid: A Cyber-Physical System Entity
TL;DR: In this paper, a mathematical model for traffic pattern analysis, prediction and resource utilization of electric vehicles in aggregator regions/parking lot zones is proposed, which can be used to estimate the amount of power/voltage available/required by EVs in different aggregator region.
Abstract: Abstract In this paper mathematical model for traffic pattern analysis, prediction and resource utilization of Electric Vehicles (EV) in aggregator regions/parking lot zones is proposed. The proposed and presented mathematical model for EV traffic pattern/resource utilization in smart city can be used to estimate the amount of power/voltage available/required by EVs in different aggregator regions. Development of multiagent communication (MAC) based framework for aggregator to EV communication is discussed. V2G aggregation in distribution network forms a Physical part and utility side with sensing/communication forms a Cyber part which combinedly constitutes a Cyber-Physical system. Simulations were carried out on IEEE 33/69 bus test systems using MATLAB and MOBILE C was used for MAC. The results obtained were promising in terms of improved voltage profile and reduced power losses.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the research themes on smart homes and cities through a quantitative review and identified barriers to the progression of smart homes to sustainable smart cities through qualitative review, based on the results of the holistic framework of each domain (smart home and city) and the techno-functional barriers.
Abstract: In recent years, smart cities have emerged with energy conservation systems for managing energy in cities as well as buildings. Although many studies on energy conservation systems of smart homes have already been conducted, energy management at the city level is still a challenge due to the various building types and complex infrastructure. Therefore, this paper investigated the research themes on smart homes and cities through a quantitative review and identified barriers to the progression of smart homes to sustainable smart cities through a qualitative review. Based on the results of the holistic framework of each domain (smart home and city) and the techno-functional barriers, this study suggests that the following innovative solutions be suitably applied to advanced energy conservation systems in sustainable smart cities: (i) construction of infrastructure for advanced energy conservation systems, and (ii) adoption of a new strategy for energy trading in distributed energy systems. Especially, to reflect consumer behavior and energy in sustainable smart cities, the following responses to future research challenges according to the “bottom-up approach (smart home level to smart city level)” are proposed: (i) development of real-time energy monitoring, diagnostics and controlling technologies; (ii) application of intelligent energy management technologies; and (iii) implementation of integrated energy network technologies at the city level. This paper is expected to play a leading role as a knowledge-based systematic guide for future research on the implementation of energy conservation systems in sustainable smart cities.
120 citations
TL;DR: A framework incorporating electric vehicles to everything (EV2X) communication and Charge Slot booking based on data got from a survey conducted and the results show the reduction of waiting time, good accuracy, and saving of charging time and costs is developed.
Abstract: Owing to the increased worldwide awareness regarding pollution caused by the consumption of fossil fuels, Battery-powered vehicles are bound to take over the conventional Internal Combustion Engine. Keeping the difficulties faced by the economy of the city and the populace of adapting to an entirely grid-run charging infrastructure in mind, a framework incorporating electric vehicles to everything (EV2X) communication and Charge Slot booking based on data got from a survey conducted has been developed in this literature. The conclusions drawn from the survey develop key insights into developing statisticorating the use of LTE to support the conventional OCPP and promote user controlal models that are further explored in this context. Algorithms and strategies to implement next-generation efficient EV2X communications have been implemented and developed for the city. Further, we have established a priority order for slot booking and incorp over charge-cycles. Introducing IPMUs using an LTE connection to act as a supplement to the conventional OCPP is explored in this context. Besides that, we have built the M/M/m queuing model of EVs in the charging station and its optimisation. We have done the exhaustive evaluation of the robustness of the proposed system in a fairly large-scale network in a discrete-time event simulator. The proposed system's results (simulation, analytical, and comparison) show the reduction of waiting time, good accuracy, and saving of charging time and costs. These performances measures improve shows the real-time applicability of the proposed system.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the optimal configuration and techno-economic assessment of solar powered EV Charging Station (EVCS) in microgrid is analyzed for four different Indian cities (Shillong, Bengaluru, Jaipur and Kashmir) with varied solar radiation conditions.
8 citations
TL;DR: A systematic review of the existing literature on solutions that combine electric vehicles with the advantages of multi-agent systems is performed and different approaches to provide solutions to different problems such as routing, electric network, communication and electric charge are presented.
Abstract: Initiatives based on improving urban mobility havebeen traditionally a high priority. The introduction of the electric vehicle to solve the problems of congestion and pollution withincities has made it possible to solve some of these shortcomingsin combustion vehicles. Nevertheless, the needs of dynamic andcomplex environments that need decentralized solutions havedemanded strategies that can cope agilely and efficiently. Multi-agent systems allow overcoming these limitations connected tovehicles through their characteristics: autonomy, local vision anddecentralization. In this article, a systematic review (SR) of the existing literature on solutions that combine electric vehicles withthe advantages of multi-agent systems is performed. Researchesand publications covering a period between 2012 and today arepresented, where different approaches are collected to providesolutions to different problems such as routing, electric network, communication and electric charge. In addition, different mod-eling methodologies, algorithms or simulations implemented inreal environments are exposed, where the heterogeneity of thesolutions is associated with the nature of the problem.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a distributed energy management strategy of micro-grids with V2G was studied, where the authors considered the optimization problem that the actual energy system can maximize the social benefits under the constraints of power generation loss and power balance.
Abstract: Electric vehicles have the characteristics of mobile energy storage. Properly dispatching the charging and discharging of electric vehicles can regulate the peaks and valleys of power grid consumption. This can also increase the power grid’s ability to absorb wind and solar energy. This paper studies the distributed energy management strategy of microgrids with V2G. First, this paper uses the principle of electricity price induction to establish a multi-agent microgrid profit model that includes electric vehicle aggregators. This study considers the optimization problem that the actual energy system can maximize the social benefits under the constraints of power generation loss and power balance. Then the paper uses the information interaction between distributed energy sources in the microgrid to design an optimized solution algorithm based on the multi-agent consensus theory and further considers the scenario that there is a random communication delay in the system. The system has maximized social benefits while maintaining the same system electricity price. This paper analyzes the convergence of the algorithm under the background of this research, and gives the convergence conditions and influencing factors. Finally, an 11-node microgrid is used to simulate and verify the system, and the results show that the proposed control strategy is effective.
References
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TL;DR: A proposed framework to effectively integrate the aggregated battery vehicles into the grid as distributed energy resources to act as controllable loads to levelize the demand on the system during off-peak conditions and as a generation/storage device during the day to provide capacity and energy services to the grid.
869 citations
Additional excerpts
...V2G conceptual framework taking into account the role of aggregator, independent service operator(ISO) and V2G souce/load is dealt [8]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors review the current status and implementation impact of V2G/grid-to-vehicle (G2V) technologies on distributed systems, requirements, benefits, challenges, and strategies for VUE interfaces of both individual vehicles and fleets.
Abstract: Plug-in vehicles can behave either as loads or as a distributed energy and power resource in a concept known as vehicle-to-grid (V2G) connection. This paper reviews the current status and implementation impact of V2G/grid-to-vehicle (G2V) technologies on distributed systems, requirements, benefits, challenges, and strategies for V2G interfaces of both individual vehicles and fleets. The V2G concept can improve the performance of the electricity grid in areas such as efficiency, stability, and reliability. A V2G-capable vehicle offers reactive power support, active power regulation, tracking of variable renewable energy sources, load balancing, and current harmonic filtering. These technologies can enable ancillary services, such as voltage and frequency control and spinning reserve. Costs of V2G include battery degradation, the need for intensive communication between the vehicles and the grid, effects on grid distribution equipment, infrastructure changes, and social, political, cultural, and technical obstacles. Although V2G operation can reduce the lifetime of vehicle batteries, it is projected to become economical for vehicle owners and grid operators. Components and unidirectional/bidirectional power flow technologies of V2G systems, individual and aggregated structures, and charging/recharging frequency and strategies (uncoordinated/coordinated smart) are addressed. Three elements are required for successful V2G operation: power connection to the grid, control and communication between vehicles and the grid operator, and on-board/off-board intelligent metering. Success of the V2G concept depends on standardization of requirements and infrastructure decisions, battery technology, and efficient and smart scheduling of limited fast-charge infrastructure. A charging/discharging infrastructure must be deployed. Economic benefits of V2G technologies depend on vehicle aggregation and charging/recharging frequency and strategies. The benefits will receive increased attention from grid operators and vehicle owners in the future.
788 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) on the distribution network can be determined using the following aspects of PHEVs: driving patterns, charging characteristics, charge timing, and vehicle penetration.
Abstract: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are the next big thing in the electric transportation market. While much work has been done to detail what economic costs and benefits PHEVs will have on consumers and producers alike, it seems that it is also important to understand what impact PHEVs will have on distribution networks nationwide. This paper finds that the impact of PHEVs on the distribution network can be determined using the following aspects of PHEVs: driving patterns, charging characteristics, charge timing, and vehicle penetration. The impacts that these aspects of PHEVs will have on distribution networks have been measured and calculated by multiple authors in different locations using many different tools that range from analytical techniques to simulations and beyond. While much work has already been completed in this area, there is still much to do. Areas left for improvement and future work will include adding more stochasticity into models as well as computing and analyzing reliability indices with respect to distribution networks.
571 citations
"Electric Vehicle Traffic Pattern An..." refers background in this paper
...The review on V2G impact on grid is presented in [9] and development of bidirectional DC-DC convereter with input/ouput voltage ranges for V2G energy transfer capability is projected in [10]....
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30 Jul 2013
TL;DR: The key is to provide the methodologies, approaches, and foresights for the emerging technologies of V2H, V2V, and V2G, namely, the vehicle-to-home (V2H), vehicle- to-vehicle (V 2V), and vehicle-To-grid (V1G) technologies.
Abstract: Electric vehicles (EVs) are regarded as one of the most effective tools to reduce the oil demands and gas emissions. And they are welcome in the near future for general road transportation. When EVs are connected to the power grid for charging and/or discharging, they become gridable EVs (GEVs). These GEVs will bring a great impact to our society and thus human life. This paper investigates and discusses the opportunities and challenges of GEVs connecting with the grid, namely, the vehicle-to-home (V2H), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies. The key is to provide the methodologies, approaches, and foresights for the emerging technologies of V2H, V2V, and V2G.
523 citations
01 Dec 2016
TL;DR: This paper provides a comprehensive and systematic review of the critical attack threats and defence strategies in the smart grid, and focuses on prominent CP attack schemes with significant impact on the smartgrid operation and corresponding defense solutions.
Abstract: The smart grid is arguably one of the most complex cyber-physical systems (CPS). Complex security challenges have been revealed in both the physical and the cyber parts of the smart grid, and an integrative analysis on the cyber-physical (CP) security is emerging. This paper provides a comprehensive and systematic review of the critical attack threats and defence strategies in the smart grid. We start this survey with an overview of the smart grid security from the CP perspective, and then focuses on prominent CP attack schemes with significant impact on the smart grid operation and corresponding defense solutions. With an in-depth review of the attacks and defences, we then discuss the opportunities and challenges along the smart grid CP security. We hope this paper raises awareness of the CP attack threats and defence strategies in complex CPS-based infrastructures such as the smart grid and inspires research effort toward the development of secure and resilient CP infrastructures.
349 citations
"Electric Vehicle Traffic Pattern An..." refers methods in this paper
...A GEV aggregation in power distribution constitutes a cyber-physical system as shown in Figure 2 [5]....
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