Electrical biosensors and the label free detection of protein disease biomarkers
10 Jun 2013-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 42, Iss: 13, pp 5944-5962
TL;DR: This review focuses on recent important advances in label free assays of protein using a number of electrical methods, including those based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), amperometry/voltammetry, potentiometry, conductometry and field-effect methods.
Abstract: Electrical detection methodologies are likely to underpin the progressive drive towards miniaturised, sensitive and portable biomarker detection protocols. In being easily integrated within standard electronic microfabrication formats, and developing capability in microfluidics, the facile multiplexed detection of a range of proteins in a small analytical volume becomes entirely feasible with something costing just a few thousand pounds and benchtop or handheld in scale. In this review, we focus on recent important advances in label free assays of protein using a number of electrical methods, including those based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), amperometry/voltammetry, potentiometry, conductometry and field-effect methods. We introduce their mechanistic features and examples of application and sensitivity. The current state of the art, real world applications and challenges are outlined.
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TL;DR: An overview of recent advances in cancer biomarker detection is provided and several representative examples using different approaches for each biomarker demonstrate that the multidisciplinary technology-based cancer diagnostics are becoming an increasingly relevant alternative to traditional techniques.
Abstract: The early detection of cancer can significantly reduce cancer mortality and saves lives. Thus, a great deal of effort has been devoted to the exploration of new technologies to detect early signs of the disease. Cancer biomarkers cover a broad range of biochemical entities, such as nucleic acids, proteins, sugars, small metabolites, and cytogenetic and cytokinetic parameters, as well as entire tumour cells found in the body fluid. They can be used for risk assessment, diagnosis, prognosis, and for the prediction of treatment efficacy and toxicity and recurrence. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in cancer biomarker detection. Several representative examples using different approaches for each biomarker have been reviewed, and all these cases demonstrate that the multidisciplinary technology-based cancer diagnostics are becoming an increasingly relevant alternative to traditional techniques. In addition, we also discuss the unsolved problems and future challenges in the evaluation of cancer biomarkers. Clearly, solving these hurdles requires great effort and collaboration from different communities of chemists, physicists, biologists, clinicians, material-scientists, and engineering and technical researchers. A successful outcome will result in the realization of point-of-care diagnosis and individualized treatment of cancers by non-invasive and convenient tests in the future.
707 citations
TL;DR: The technological and methodological approaches underlying diverse optical-sensing platforms and methods for detecting pathogenic microorganisms are reviewed, together with the strengths and drawbacks of each technique.
398 citations
TL;DR: The advances of biosensor technologies for infectious disease diagnostics are reviewed and the critical challenges that need to be overcome are discussed in order to implement integrated diagnostic biosensors in real world settings.
Abstract: Rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases and timely initiation of appropriate treatment are critical determinants that promote optimal clinical outcomes and general public health Conventional in vitro diagnostics for infectious diseases are time-consuming and require centralized laboratories, experienced personnel and bulky equipment Recent advances in biosensor technologies have potential to deliver point-of-care diagnostics that match or surpass conventional standards in regards to time, accuracy and cost Broadly classified as either label-free or labeled, modern biosensors exploit micro- and nanofabrication technologies and diverse sensing strategies including optical, electrical and mechanical transducers Despite clinical need, translation of biosensors from research laboratories to clinical applications has remained limited to a few notable examples, such as the glucose sensor Challenges to be overcome include sample preparation, matrix effects and system integration We review the advances of biosensors for infectious disease diagnostics and discuss the critical challenges that need to be overcome in order to implement integrated diagnostic biosensors in real world settings
292 citations
TL;DR: Three disease biomarkers can simultaneously be detected at the attomolar level because of a novel surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) encoded silver pyramid sensing system that holds promising potential for biodetection applications.
Abstract: Three disease biomarkers can simultaneously be detected at the attomolar level because of a novel surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) encoded silver pyramid sensing system. This newly designed pyramidal sensor with well-controlled geometry exhibits highly sensitive, selective, and reproducible SERS signals, and holds promising potential for biodetection applications.
273 citations
TL;DR: In this review, it is shown that in the recent years a significant progress was done in the EC analysis of practically all proteins, based on electroactivity of amino acid (aa) residues in proteins.
Abstract: In this review, we wish to show that in the recent years a
significant progress was done in the EC analysis of practically
all proteins, based on electroactivity of amino acid (aa)
residues in proteins. Also electrochemistry of polysaccharides,
oligosaccharides and glycoproteins greatly advanced in creating
important steps for its larger application in the glycoprotein
research. In recent decades, a great effort was devoted to the
discovery and application of biomarkers for analysis of
different diseases, including cancer. In the following
paragraphs, special attention will be paid (i) to intrinsic
electroactivity of peptides and proteins, including the
sensitivity to changes in protein 3D structures, as well as to
recent advances in EC investigations of DNA-protein
interactions, (ii) to intrinsic electroactivity of glycans and
polysaccharides, advances in EC detection of
lectin-glycoprotein interactions and to introduction of
electroactive labels to polysaccharides and glycans and finally
(iii) to EC detection of protein biomarkers, based
predominantly on application of antibodies in immunoassays,
nucleic acid and peptide aptamers for construction of
aptasensors, and lectin biosensors for detection of
glycoprotein biomarkers.
260 citations
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8,781 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that micrometre-size sensors made from graphene are capable of detecting individual events when a gas molecule attaches to or detaches from graphene's surface.
Abstract: The ultimate aim of any detection method is to achieve such a level of sensitivity that individual quanta of a measured entity can be resolved. In the case of chemical sensors, the quantum is one atom or molecule. Such resolution has so far been beyond the reach of any detection technique, including solid-state gas sensors hailed for their exceptional sensitivity1, 2, 3, 4. The fundamental reason limiting the resolution of such sensors is fluctuations due to thermal motion of charges and defects5, which lead to intrinsic noise exceeding the sought-after signal from individual molecules, usually by many orders of magnitude. Here, we show that micrometre-size sensors made from graphene are capable of detecting individual events when a gas molecule attaches to or detaches from graphene's surface. The adsorbed molecules change the local carrier concentration in graphene one by one electron, which leads to step-like changes in resistance. The achieved sensitivity is due to the fact that graphene is an exceptionally low-noise material electronically, which makes it a promising candidate not only for chemical detectors but also for other applications where local probes sensitive to external charge, magnetic field or mechanical strain are required.
7,318 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that micrometre-size sensors made from graphene are capable of detecting individual events when a gas molecule attaches to or detaches from graphenes surface.
Abstract: The ultimate aspiration of any detection method is to achieve such a level of sensitivity that individual quanta of a measured value can be resolved. In the case of chemical sensors, the quantum is one atom or molecule. Such resolution has so far been beyond the reach of any detection technique, including solid-state gas sensors hailed for their exceptional sensitivity. The fundamental reason limiting the resolution of such sensors is fluctuations due to thermal motion of charges and defects which lead to intrinsic noise exceeding the sought-after signal from individual molecules, usually by many orders of magnitude. Here we show that micrometre-size sensors made from graphene are capable of detecting individual events when a gas molecule attaches to or detaches from graphenes surface. The adsorbed molecules change the local carrier concentration in graphene one by one electron, which leads to step-like changes in resistance. The achieved sensitivity is due to the fact that graphene is an exceptionally low-noise material electronically, which makes it a promising candidate not only for chemical detectors but also for other applications where local probes sensitive to external charge, magnetic field or mechanical strain are required.
5,510 citations
TL;DR: This work speculates on the reasons behind this large discrepancy between the expectations arising from proteomics and the realities of clinical diagnostics and suggests approaches by which protein-disease associations may be more effectively translated into diagnostic tools in the future.
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