Electrical Signals, Plant Tolerance to Actions of Stressors, and Programmed Cell Death: Is Interaction Possible?
19 Aug 2021-Vol. 10, Iss: 8, pp 1704
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors hypothesize that programmed cell death (PCD) in plant cells can be interconnected with electrical signals (ESs) and show that generation of ESs accompanies K+ efflux from the cytoplasm that is also a probable mechanism of PCD initiation.
Abstract: In environmental conditions, plants are affected by abiotic and biotic stressors which can be heterogenous. This means that the systemic plant adaptive responses on their actions require long-distance stress signals including electrical signals (ESs). ESs are based on transient changes in the activities of ion channels and H+-ATP-ase in the plasma membrane. They influence numerous physiological processes, including gene expression, phytohormone synthesis, photosynthesis, respiration, phloem mass flow, ATP content, and many others. It is considered that these changes increase plant tolerance to the action of stressors; the effect can be related to stimulation of damages of specific molecular structures. In this review, we hypothesize that programmed cell death (PCD) in plant cells can be interconnected with ESs. There are the following points supporting this hypothesis. (i) Propagation of ESs can be related to ROS waves; these waves are a probable mechanism of PCD initiation. (ii) ESs induce the inactivation of photosynthetic dark reactions and activation of respiration. Both responses can also produce ROS and, probably, induce PCD. (iii) ESs stimulate the synthesis of stress phytohormones (e.g., jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and ethylene) which are known to contribute to the induction of PCD. (iv) Generation of ESs accompanies K+ efflux from the cytoplasm that is also a mechanism of induction of PCD. Our review argues for the possibility of PCD induction by electrical signals and shows some directions of future investigations in the field.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors reveal a new type of plant-to-plant aboveground direct communication involving electrical signaling detected at the surface of leaves, ROS, and photosystem networks.
Abstract: Abstract Systemic acquired acclimation and wound signaling require the transmission of electrical, calcium, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signals between local and systemic tissues of the same plant. However, whether such signals can be transmitted between two different plants is largely unknown. Here, we reveal a new type of plant-to-plant aboveground direct communication involving electrical signaling detected at the surface of leaves, ROS, and photosystem networks. A foliar electrical signal induced by wounding or high light stress applied to a single dandelion leaf can be transmitted to a neighboring plant that is in direct contact with the stimulated plant, resulting in systemic photosynthetic, oxidative, molecular, and physiological changes in both plants. Furthermore, similar aboveground changes can be induced in a network of plants serially connected via touch. Such signals can also induce responses even if the neighboring plant is from a different plant species. Our study demonstrates that electrical signals can function as a communication link between transmitter and receiver plants that are organized as a network (community) of plants. This process can be described as network-acquired acclimation.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the influence of two variants of LED illumination (with increased intensity of red or blue light) on physiological processes in lettuce was analyzed, and the results showed that the red illumination variant contributes a great deal to lettuce growth; in contrast, the blue variant contributes to stress changes, including the activation of cyclic electron flow around photosystem I.
Abstract: Simple Summary Illumination is an important factor for plant life because light is the basis of photosynthesis and productivity, the regulator of physiological processes, and a potential cause of damage. The development of LED technology has contributed to increasing the efficiency of illumination during plant cultivation through the use of light sources with narrow spectral bands. However, the characteristics of influence of light sources with different spectra on specific species of agricultural plants require further investigation. In the present work, we analyzed the influence of two variants of LED illumination (with increased intensity of red or blue light) on physiological processes in lettuce. These variants were selected because they corresponded to two maximums of photosynthetic light absorption. It was shown that, under the increased intensity of the blue light, both respiration and cyclic electron flow were stimulated; theseprocesses are known to be related to stress changes in plants. In contrast, under the increased intensity of the red light, linear electron flow was stimulated, a process that is related to plant productivity, and the biomass during cultivation was increased. The reflectance of leaves was also dependent on the variant of illumination. In the future, our results can be used to increase the efficiency of lettuce cultivation. Abstract LED illumination can have a narrow spectral band; its intensity and time regime are regulated within a wide range. These characteristics are the potential basis for the use of a combination of LEDs for plant cultivation because light is the energy source that is used by plants as well as the regulator of photosynthesis, and the regulator of other physiological processes (e.g., plant development), and can cause plant damage under certain stress conditions. As a result, analyzing the influence of light spectra on physiological and growth characteristics during cultivation of different plant species is an important problem. In the present work, we investigated the influence of two variants of LED illumination (red light at an increased intensity, the “red” variant, and blue light at an increased intensity, the “blue” variant) on the parameters of photosynthetic dark and light reactions, respiration rate, leaf reflectance indices, and biomass, among other factors in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The same light intensity (about 180 µmol m−2s−1) was used in both variants. It was shown that the blue illumination variant increased the dark respiration rate (35–130%) and cyclic electron flow around photosystem I (18–26% at the maximal intensity of the actinic light) in comparison to the red variant; the effects were dependent on the duration of cultivation. In contrast, the blue variant decreased the rate of the photosynthetic linear electron flow (13–26%) and various plant growth parameters, such as final biomass (about 40%). Some reflectance indices (e.g., the Zarco-Tejada and Miller Index, an index that is related to the core sizes and light-harvesting complex of photosystem I), were also strongly dependent on the illumination variant. Thus, our results show that the red illumination variant contributes a great deal to lettuce growth; in contrast, the blue variant contributes to stress changes, including the activation of cyclic electron flow around photosystem I.
10 citations
TL;DR: The influence of light conversion induced by glasses coated with up-converting luminescent nanoparticles on Solanum lycopersicum cultivation was studied in this article , where Nanoparticles of Sr0.46Ba0.50Yb0.02Er0.04 solid solution were used as the upconverting luminophore.
Abstract: The influence of light conversion induced by glasses coated with up-converting luminescent nanoparticles on Solanum lycopersicum cultivation was studied. Nanoparticles of Sr0.46Ba0.50Yb0.02Er0.02F2.04 solid solution were used as the up-converting luminophore. These nanoparticles were able to transform IR radiation into visible light (λem = 660 nm with minor peaks at 545 nm and 525 nm). By applying the “variable” chlorophyll fluorescence (ΔF), it was shown that the cultivation of tomatoes under the photoconversion glasses stimulated changes in the rate of plant adaptation to ultraviolet radiation. The restoration time of values of effective quantum yield of photosystem II photochemical reactions and photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (reflecting disappearance of imbalance between photosynthetic electron transport and the utilization of NADPH) was reduced from three weeks to three days in the case of control and photoconversion films, respectively. As a result, plants grown under photoconversion glass had an increased leaf number (12.5%), total leaf area (33%), stem length (35%) and chlorophyll content in the leaves (two-fold). It is assumed that an increase in the proportion of red light in the growing spectrum has a positive effect on photosynthetic activity and plant growth.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of upconverting luminescent nanoparticles coated on glass on the productivity of Solanum lycopersicum was studied and the spectral changes induced by photoconversion glass can accelerate the adaptation of plants to the appearance of ultraviolet radiation.
Abstract: The effect of upconverting luminescent nanoparticles coated on glass on the productivity of Solanum lycopersicum was studied. The cultivation of tomatoes under photoconversion glass led to an increase in plant productivity and an acceleration of plant adaptation to ultraviolet radiation. An increase in the total leaf area and chlorophyll content in the leaves was revealed in plants growing under the photoconversion glass. Plants growing under the photoconversion glass were able to more effectively utilize the absorbed light energy. The results of this study suggest that the spectral changes induced by photoconversion glass can accelerate the adaptation of plants to the appearance of ultraviolet radiation.
6 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors investigated the effect of burning-induced electrical signals and their influence on photosynthesis under soil water shortage in pea seedlings, and showed that soil-water shortage decreased the amplitudes of the burninginduced depolarization signals (variation potential) and the magnitudes of photosynthetic inactivation.
Abstract: Local damage to plants can induce fast systemic physiological changes through generation and propagation of electrical signals. It is known that electrical signals influence numerous physiological processes including photosynthesis; an increased plant tolerance to actions of stressors is a result of these changes. It is probable that parameters of electrical signals and fast physiological changes induced by these signals can be modified by the long-term actions of stressors; however, this question has been little investigated. Our work was devoted to the investigation of the parameters of burning-induced electrical signals and their influence on photosynthesis under soil water shortage in pea seedlings. We showed that soil water shortage decreased the amplitudes of the burning-induced depolarization signals (variation potential) and the magnitudes of photosynthetic inactivation (decreasing photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and linear electron flow and increasing non-photochemical quenching of the chlorophyll fluorescence and cyclic electron flow around photosystem I) caused by these signals. Moreover, burning-induced hyperpolarization signals (maybe, system potentials) and increased photosynthetic CO2 assimilation could be observed under strong water shortage. It was shown that the electrical signal-induced increase of the leaf stomatal conductance was a potential mechanism for the burning-induced activation of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation under strong water shortage; this mechanism was not crucial for photosynthetic response under control conditions or weak water shortage. Thus, our results show that soil water shortage can strongly modify damage-induced electrical signals and fast physiological responses induced by these signals.
6 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: The goal of this review is to provide a general overview of current knowledge on the process of apoptosis including morphology, biochemistry, the role of apoptoses in health and disease, detection methods, as well as a discussion of potential alternative forms of apoptotic proteins.
Abstract: The process of programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is generally characterized by distinct morphological characteristics and energy-dependent biochemical mechanisms. Apoptosis is considered a vital component of various processes including normal cell turnover, proper development and functioning of the immune system, hormone-dependent atrophy, embryonic development and chemical-induced cell death. Inappropriate apoptosis (either too little or too much) is a factor in many human conditions including neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic damage, autoimmune disorders and many types of cancer. The ability to modulate the life or death of a cell is recognized for its immense therapeutic potential. Therefore, research continues to focus on the elucidation and analysis of the cell cycle machinery and signaling pathways that control cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. To that end, the field of apoptosis research has been moving forward at an alarmingly rapid rate. Although many of the key apoptotic proteins have been identified, the molecular mechanisms of action or inaction of these proteins remain to be elucidated. The goal of this review is to provide a general overview of current knowledge on the process of apoptosis including morphology, biochemistry, the role of apoptosis in health and disease, detection methods, as well as a discussion of potential alternative forms of apoptosis.
10,744 citations
TL;DR: Plants and algae have a love/hate relationship with light; however, too much light can lead to increased production of damaging reactive oxygen species as byproducts of photosynthesis.
Abstract: Plants and algae have a love/hate relationship with light. As oxygenic photoautotrophic organisms, they require light for life; however, too much light can lead to increased production of damaging reactive oxygen species as byproducts of photosynthesis. In extreme cases, photooxidative damage can
2,492 citations
[...]
TL;DR: This Opinion focuses on the possibility that ROS are beneficial to plants, supporting cellular proliferation, physiological function, and viability, and that maintaining a basal level of ROS in cells is essential for life.
1,828 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a new "physiological reflectance index" (PRI) isolated from narrow waveband spectral measurements of sunflower canopies, which correlates with the epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle pigments.
1,811 citations
TL;DR: Recent advances in the understanding of the photophysics, biochemical regulation and ecophysiology of this essential photoprotective process are reviewed.
1,556 citations