Electrocatalytic destruction of the antibiotic tetracycline in aqueous medium by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes: Effect of electrode materials
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of different cathode materials (carbon-felt and stainless steel) on the direct/indirect electro-oxidation of tetracycline, and that of different anode material (Ti/RuO2-IrO2, Pt and BDD) on both processes was systematically investigated for the first time.
Abstract: a b s t r a c t This paper presents the removal of the antibiotic tetracycline (TeC) from water using electrochemi- cal advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs); namely electrochemical oxidation (EO) and electro-Fenton (EF). The effect of different cathode materials (carbon-felt and stainless steel) on the direct/indirect electro-oxidation of tetracycline, and that of different anode materials (Ti/RuO2-IrO2, Pt and BDD) on both processes was systematically investigated for the first time. The EO process was found to be more efficient in using the carbon-felt cathode than the stainless steel cathode. The EO and the EF processes using BDD anode demonstrated superior oxidation/mineralization power. Almost total mineralization (TOC removal up to 98%) of 100 mg L−1 TeC solutions was achieved after 6 h treatment either by EO and/or EF treatment with BDD anode. The oxidative degradation of TeC followed pseudo-first-order- reaction kinetics in using all tested electrodes and anode/cathode configurations. Apparent rate constants of different anode/cathode configurations increased in the following sequence: Ti/RuO2-IrO2/stainless steel < Ti/RuO2-IrO2/carbon-felt < BDD/carbon-felt (EO) < BDD/carbon-felt (EF). The electrical energy con- sumed per gram of TOC removal was calculated for different electrode configurations to assess the cost effectiveness of the EO and the EF processes to mineralize TeC in water. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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TL;DR: In this article, the fundamental principles and applications of heterogeneous electrochemical wastewater treatment based on Fenton's chemistry reaction are discussed and the required features of good heterogeneous catalysts are discussed, followed by the mechanisms of catalytic activation of H2O2 to reactive oxygen species (ROS) especially hydroxyl radical ( OH) by heterogeneous catalyst in Hetero-EF system.
Abstract: This exhaustive review focuses on the fundamental principles and applications of heterogeneous electrochemical wastewater treatment based on Fenton’s chemistry reaction. The elementary equations involved in formation of hydroxyl radical in homogeneous electro-Fenton (EF) and photo electro-Fenton (PEF) processes was presented and the advantages of using insoluble solids as heterogeneous catalyst rather than soluble iron salts (heterogeneous electro-Fenton process) (Hetero-EF) was enumerated. Some of the required features of good heterogeneous catalysts were discussed, followed by the mechanisms of catalytic activation of H2O2 to reactive oxygen species (ROS) especially hydroxyl radical ( OH) by heterogeneous catalyst in Hetero-EF system. Extensive discussion on the two configuration of Hetero-EF system vis-a-vis added solid catalysts and functionalized cathodic materials were provided along with summaries of some relevant studies that are available in literature. The solid catalysts and the functionalized cathodic materials that have been utilized in Hetero-EF wastewater treatment were grouped into different classes and brief discussion on their synthesis route were given. Besides, the use of solid catalysts and iron-functionalized cathodic materials in bioelectrochemical system (BES) especially bioelectro-Fenton technology (BEF) using microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with concurrent electricity generation for Hetero-EF treatment of biorefractory organic pollutants was discussed. In the final part, emphasis was made on the challenges and future prospects of the Hetero-EF for wastewater treatment.
574 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effectiveness of electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) for the removal of anti-inflammatory and analgesic pharmaceuticals from aqueous systems is reviewed and discussed.
448 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive review of membrane separation and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) is presented for the removal of pharmaceuticals from water, including both membrane permeate and concentrate streams.
437 citations
TL;DR: The toxicological data of TCs indicate that several TCs are more toxic to algae than fish and daphnia, and risk assessments based on individual compound exposure indicate that the risks arising from the current concentrations ofTCs in the aquatic environment cannot be ignored.
384 citations
TL;DR: Main advantages and drawbacks as well as target pollutant removal mechanisms are reviewed and compared, and promising integrated treatments, particularly the use of a selective adsorption step of target pollutants and the combination of advanced oxidation processes with biological treatments, are discussed.
348 citations
References
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TL;DR: Electro-Fenton (EF) Process 6585 4.2.1.
Abstract: 2.2. Fenton’s Chemistry 6575 2.2.1. Origins 6575 2.2.2. Fenton Process 6575 2.3. Photo-Fenton Process 6577 3. H2O2 Electrogeneration for Water Treatment 6577 3.1. Fundamentals 6578 3.2. Cathode Materials 6579 3.3. Divided Cells 6580 3.4. Undivided Cells 6583 4. Electro-Fenton (EF) Process 6585 4.1. Origins 6585 4.2. Fundamentals of EF for Water Remediation 6586 4.2.1. Cell Configuration 6586 4.2.2. Cathodic Fe2+ Regeneration 6586 4.2.3. Anodic Generation of Heterogeneous Hydroxyl Radical 6587
2,652 citations
1,837 citations
TL;DR: An overview on the electrochemical methods devised for the treatment of pharmaceutical residues from both, synthetic solutions and real pharmaceutical wastewaters is presented and progress on the promising solar photoelectro-Fenton process devised and further developed in the laboratory is highlighted and documented.
835 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that tetracyclines enter the environment in significant concentrations via repeated fertilizations with liquid manure, build up persistent residues, and accumulate in soil.
Abstract: Little is known about the occurrence and the fate of veterinary drugs in the environment. Therefore, a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and employed to investigate in detail the distribution and persistence of the frequently used tetracyclines and tylosin in a field fertilized with liquid manure on April 2000 and April 2001; soil sampling was performed in May 2000, November 2000, and May 2001. We detected 4.0 mg/kg tetracycline and 0.1 mg/kg chlortetracycline in the liquid manure of April 2000, as well as comparable amounts in the liquid manure of April 2001. In the soil samples of May 2001, the highest average concentrations of 86.2 (0-10 cm), 198.7 (10-20 cm), and 171.7 microg/kg (20-30 cm) tetracycline and 4.6-7.3 micro/kg chlortetracycline (all three sublayers) were found. At soil depths between 30 and 90 cm, as well as in soil or groundwater, tetracyclines could not be detected. In addition, oxytetracycline and tylosin could not be detected in any sample investigated. We conclude that tetracyclines enter the environment in significant concentrations via repeated fertilizations with liquid manure, build up persistent residues, and accumulate in soil. Therefore, tetracyclines may have a potential risk and investigations on the environmental effects of these antibiotics are necessary.
827 citations
TL;DR: A method has been developed for the trace analysis of two classes of antimicrobials consisting of six sulfonamides and five tetracyclines, which commonly are used for veterinary purposes and agricultural feed additives and are suspected to leach into ground and surface water.
Abstract: A method has been developed for the trace analysis of two classes of antimicrobials consisting of six sulfonamides (SAs) and five tetracyclines (TCs), which commonly are used for veterinary purposes and agricultural feed additives and are suspected to leach into ground and surface water. The method used solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) with positive ion electrospray. The unique combination of a metal chelation agent (Na2EDTA) with a macroporous copolymer resulted in quantitative recoveries by solid-phase extraction (mean recovery, 98 ± 12%) at submicrogram-per-liter concentrations. An ammonium formate/formic acid buffer with a methanol/water gradient was used to separate the antimicrobials and to optimize the signal intensity. Mass spectral fragmentation and ionization characteristics were determined for each class of compounds for unequivocal identification. For all SAs, a characteristic m/z 156 ion representing the sulfanilyl fragment was identified. TCs exhibit...
721 citations