Electrochemical degradation of aqueous phenols using graphite electrode in a divided electrolytic cell
TL;DR: In this article, the electrochemical oxidation of synthetic water containing 200 ppm of phenol was investigated in a compartmentalized cell using platinum (cathode) and graphite (anode) for 40 h at constant applied potential of 5 V in different electrolytes, such as, NaCl (aq), NaOH (aq) and a mixture containing both NaCl and NaOH(aq) as the anolyte and acid as the catholyte.
Abstract: Untreated industrial effluents invariably contain large amounts of heavy metals and organics. This paper reports the electrochemical oxidation of synthetic water containing 200 ppm of phenol. Studies have been carried out in a compartmentalized cell using platinum (cathode) and graphite (anode). Electrolysis has been done for 40 h at constant applied potential of 5 V in different electrolytes, such as, NaCl (aq), NaOH (aq) and a mixture containing both NaCl (aq) and NaOH (aq) as the anolyte and acid as the catholyte. Phenol concentration decreased from the initial value of 200 to about 10 ppm.; the corresponding COD values, respectively, are ∼400 to ∼100 ppm. The reaction goes through chloro-compounds as intermediates before being mineralized. The carbon anode seems to be passivated with a thin layer of poly-phenol. A concomitant amount of hydrogen is generated during the electrolytic degradation of phenol.
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TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that graphite behaves as a modified active anode, at which the oxygen atom to be transferred to an oxidizable substrate first becomes bonded to the previously functionalized surface.
71 citations
TL;DR: Electrochemical oxidative removal of p-chlorophenol and p-nitrophenol and the effect of cationic cetyl trimethylammonium bromide, anionic sodium dodecyl sulphate and non-ionic polyoxyethylene(23)lauryl ether (Brij-35) surfactants, which prevent adherent film formation on the electrode surface were studied.
27 citations
Cites background from "Electrochemical degradation of aque..."
...Some studies do claim such exhaustive EC oxidation (Sathish and Viswanath, 2005)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the effect of important operating parameters such as initial concentration of 4C2AP, initial pH, power dissipation, TiO 2 loading and H 2 O 2 loading on the extent of degradation have been investigated.
27 citations
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: In this article, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and constant current electrolysis on commercially available graphite and titanium substrate insoluble anodes (TSIA) was used to study the effect of cationic cetyl trimethylammonium (CTAB), anionic sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), and non-ionic polyoxyethylene(23)lauryl ether (Brij-35) surfactants, which prevent adherent film formation on the electrode surface.
Abstract: The electrochemical oxidative removal of p-chlorophenol and p-nitrophenol was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and constant
current electrolysis on commercially available graphite and titanium substrate insoluble anodes (TSIA). The effect of cationic cetyl trimethylammonium
bromide (CTAB), anionic sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and non-ionic polyoxyethylene(23)lauryl ether (Brij-35) surfactants,
which prevent adherent film formation on the electrode surface were also studied. CV experiments indicate that p-chlorophenol
exhibits a relatively higher tendency for film formation on graphite and that sodium chloride is a better medium for the destruction of
phenols. The electrochemical oxidation of phenols under galvanostatic conditions in chloride medium with CTAB enhanced the detoxification
process with significantly lower fouling effects on TSIA. The surfactants, however, did not improve phenol removal on graphite
under identical experimental conditions. A charge of 2.5 F per mol was found to be sufficient to achieve 44–48% removal of phenol on
both the electrodes in the absence of the surfactants. A 55–65% removal was achieved in the presence of the cationic surfactant on the
TSIA electrode. Phenol was removed as a low molecular weight polymer (MW � 4450).
27 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the specific electrodes were prepared by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) in a hot-wall CVD reactor with the presence of O2 under reduced pressure.
Abstract: In this research, the specific electrodes were prepared by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) in a hot-wall CVD reactor with the presence of O2 under reduced pressure. The Ir protective layer was deposited by using (Methylcyclopentadienyl) (1,5-cyclooctadiene) iridium (I), (MeCp)Ir(COD), as precursor. Tetraethyltin (TET) was used as precursor for the deposition of SnO2 active layer. The optimum condition for Ir film deposition was at 300 °C, 125 of O2/(MeCp)Ir(COD) molar ratio and 12 Torr of total pressure. While that of SnO2 active layer was at 380 °C, 1200 of O2/TET molar ratio and 15 Torr of total pressure. The prepared SnO2/Ir/Ti electrodes were tested for anodic oxidation of organic pollutant in a simple three-electrode electrochemical reactor using oxalic acid as model solution. The electrochemical experiments indicate that more than 80% of organic pollutant was removed after 2.1 Ah/L of charge has been applied. The kinetic investigation gives a two-step process for organic pollutant degradation, the kinetic was zero-order and first-order with respect to TOC of model solution for high and low TOC concentrations, respectively.
19 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: The most widely read reference in the water industry, Water Industry Reference as discussed by the authors, is a comprehensive reference tool for water analysis methods that covers all aspects of USEPA-approved water analysis.
Abstract: Set your standards with these standard methods. This is it: the most widely read publication in the water industry, your all-inclusive reference tool. This comprehensive reference covers all aspects of USEPA-approved water analysis methods. More than 400 methods - all detailed step-by-step; 8 vibrant, full-color pages of aquatic algae illustrations; Never-before-seen figures that will help users with toxicity testing and the identification of apparatus used in the methods; Over 300 superbly illustrated figures; A new analytical tool for a number of inorganic nonmetals; Improved coverage of data evaluation, sample preservation, and reagant water; And much more!
78,324 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the electrochemical oxidation of phenol for waste water treatment was studied at a platinum anode, and the reaction occurs by two parallel pathways; chemical oxidation with electrogenerated hydroxyl radicals and direct combustion of adsorbed phenol or/and its aromatic intermediates to CO2.
Abstract: The electrochemical oxidation of phenol for waste water treatment was studied at a platinum anode. Analysis of reaction intermediates and a carbon balance has shown that the reaction occurs by two parallel pathways; chemical oxidation with electrogenerated hydroxyl radicals and direct combustion of adsorbed phenol or/and its aromatic intermediates to CO2.
603 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe effluent treatment, electrochemical reactors for removal of metal ions from waste water, anodic destruction of organic pollutants and new electrochemical abatement techniques for purification of flue gases.
506 citations
"Electrochemical degradation of aque..." refers methods in this paper
...Researchers have reviewed the work in this area with a special emphasis on the merits of the electrochemical methods over the other processes [Rajeshwar et al., 1994; Juttner et al., 2000]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the electrochemical oxidation of phenol in the presence of NaCl for wastewater treatment was studied at Ti/SnO2 and Ti/IrO2 anodes.
Abstract: The electrochemical oxidation of phenol in the presence of NaCl for wastewater treatment was studied at Ti/SnO2 and Ti/IrO2 anodes. The experimental results have shown that the presence of NaCl catalyses the anodic oxidation of phenol only at Ti/IrO2 anodes due to the participation of electro-generated ClO− in the oxidation. Analysis of the oxidation products has shown that initially organo-chlorinated compounds are formed in the electrolyte which are further oxidized to volatile organics (CHCl3).
485 citations
"Electrochemical degradation of aque..." refers background in this paper
...It is reported that the formation of polymeric film on the electrode surface is favored by the alkaline medium in many cases [Comninellis and Pulgarin, 1991; Canizares et al., 1999]....
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TL;DR: A companion review of photoelectrochemical methods for environmental applications is presented in this article, where new electrode materials for environmental application are described, and applications of these methods in the drinking water industry, and for disinfection scenarios are discussed.
Abstract: Advances in electrochemical methods for pollutant remediation, recycling and sensing are reviewed. Additionally, applications of these methods in the drinking water industry, and for disinfection scenarios are discussed. Lastly, new electrode materials for environmental applications are described. In a companion review, photoelectrochemical methods will be discussed.
449 citations
"Electrochemical degradation of aque..." refers methods in this paper
...Researchers have reviewed the work in this area with a special emphasis on the merits of the electrochemical methods over the other processes [Rajeshwar et al., 1994; Juttner et al., 2000]....
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