Electrochemical Reaction Dynamics - A Review
TL;DR: In this paper, the status of research on the dynamics of electrochemical reactions is reviewed, including the electrodissolution of metals, cathodic deposition, and electrocatalytic reactions.
About: This article is published in Chemical Engineering Science.The article was published on 1994-05-01. It has received 323 citations till now.
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TL;DR: An ionic touch panel based on a polyacrylamide hydrogel containing lithium chloride salts is demonstrated, which can be operated under more than 1000% areal strain without sacrificing its functionalities.
Abstract: Because human-computer interactions are increasingly important, touch panels may require stretchability and biocompatibility in order to allow integration with the human body. However, most touch panels have been developed based on stiff and brittle electrodes. We demonstrate an ionic touch panel based on a polyacrylamide hydrogel containing lithium chloride salts. The panel is soft and stretchable, so it can sustain a large deformation. The panel can freely transmit light information because the hydrogel is transparent, with 98% transmittance for visible light. A surface-capacitive touch system was adopted to sense a touched position. The panel can be operated under more than 1000% areal strain without sacrificing its functionalities. Epidermal touch panel use on skin was demonstrated by writing words, playing a piano, and playing games.
749 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a set of nonlinear dynamical phenomena in chemical systems provide simpler analogues of behaviors found in biological systems, such as periodic and chaotic changes in concentration, traveling waves of chemical reactivity, and stationary spatial (Turing) patterns.
Abstract: Chemical reactions with nonlinear kinetic behavior can give rise to a remarkable set of spatiotemporal phenomena. These include periodic and chaotic changes in concentration, traveling waves of chemical reactivity, and stationary spatial (Turing) patterns. Although chemists were initially skeptical of the existence and the relevance of these phenomena, much progress has been made in the past two decades in characterizing, designing, modeling, and understanding them. Several nonlinear dynamical phenomena in chemical systems provide simpler analogues of behaviors found in biological systems.
459 citations
189 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive classification scheme of oscillatory electrochemical systems with respect to the mechanistic basis of their kinetic instability is proposed, and four principal oscillator categories are distinguished depending on the role of the potential drop across the electrode-∣-electrolyte interface (double layer potential) and of the chemical species involved.
171 citations
TL;DR: The mechanism of temporal potential oscillations that occur during galvanostatic formic acid oxidation on a Pt electrode has been investigated by time-resolved surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) and can be explained by using a nonlinear rate equation originally proposed to explain the decomposition of formate and acetate on transition metal surfaces in UHV.
Abstract: The mechanism of temporal potential oscillations that occur during galvanostatic formic acid oxidation on a Pt electrode has been investigated by time-resolved surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS). Carbon monoxide (CO) and formate were found to adsorb on the surface and change their coverages synchronously with the temporal potential oscillations. Isotopic solution exchange (from H13COOH to H12COOH) and potential step experiments revealed that the oxidation of formic acid proceeds dominantly through adsorbed formate and the decomposition of formate to CO2 is the rate-determining step of the reaction. Adsorbed CO blocks the adsorption of formate and also suppresses the decomposition of formate to CO2, which raises the potential to maintain the applied current. The oxidative removal of CO at a high limiting potential increases the coverage of formate and accelerates the decomposition of formate, resulting in a potential drop and leading to the formation of CO. This cycle repeats itself...
157 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the first algorithms that allow the estimation of non-negative Lyapunov exponents from an experimental time series, which provide a qualitative and quantitative characterization of dynamical behavior.
8,128 citations
7,199 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the correlation exponent v is introduced as a characteristic measure of strange attractors which allows one to distinguish between deterministic chaos and random noise, and algorithms for extracting v from the time series of a single variable are proposed.
5,239 citations
TL;DR: A review of the main mathematical ideas and their concrete implementation in analyzing experiments can be found in this paper, where the main subjects are the theory of dimensions (number of excited degrees of freedom), entropy (production of information), and characteristic exponents (describing sensitivity to initial conditions).
Abstract: Physical and numerical experiments show that deterministic noise, or chaos, is ubiquitous. While a good understanding of the onset of chaos has been achieved, using as a mathematical tool the geometric theory of differentiable dynamical systems, moderately excited chaotic systems require new tools, which are provided by the ergodic theory of dynamical systems. This theory has reached a stage where fruitful contact and exchange with physical experiments has become widespread. The present review is an account of the main mathematical ideas and their concrete implementation in analyzing experiments. The main subjects are the theory of dimensions (number of excited degrees of freedom), entropy (production of information), and characteristic exponents (describing sensitivity to initial conditions). The relations between these quantities, as well as their experimental determination, are discussed. The systematic investigation of these quantities provides us for the first time with a reasonable understanding of dynamical systems, excited well beyond the quasiperiodic regimes. This is another step towards understanding highly turbulent fluids.
4,619 citations