Electrochemistry at Semiconductor and Oxidized Metal Electrodes
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Cites background or methods from "Electrochemistry at Semiconductor a..."
...The Nat-band potential may be modi5ed to the desired level through surface chemistry [48,49]....
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...1, the optimal band gap for highperformance photo-electrodes is∼ 2 eV [10,22,27,51,58,59]....
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...Recent e3orts in the development of vehicles fuelled by hydrogen, either directly or through hydrogen fuel cells, may serve as examples of T. Bak et al. / International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 27 (2002) 991–1022 993 Nomenclature A irradiated area (m2) a Anode=photo-anode AM air mass c speed of light in vacuo (2:99793×108 m=s) c cathode=photo-cathode Dye photo-sensitizer at ground state Dye∗ dye at excited state Dye+ dye at charged state e elementary charge (1:602 × 10−19 C) e′ quasi-free electron E energy (eV) EB potential energy related to the bias (EB = eVbias) Ec energy of the bottom of the conduction band (eV) EF Fermi energy (eV) Eg band gap (eV) Ei threshold energy (eV) E(H+=H2) energy of the redox couple H+=H2 (eV) E(O2=H2O) energy of the redox couple O2=H2O (eV) Eloss energy loss (eV) El electrolyte En;d free enthalpy of electrochemical oxidation (per one electron hole) (eV) Ep;d free enthalpy of electrochemical reduction (per one electron) (eV) Ev energy of the top of the valence band (eV) EMF electromotive force (open circuit voltage) (V) F Faraday constant (F = eNA) (9:648 × 104 C mol−1) G Gibbs energy (free enthalpy) (kJ mol−1) G0 standard Gibbs energy (standard free enthalpy) (kJ mol−1) MGa free enthalpy of anodic decomposition (kJ mol−1) MGc free enthalpy of cathodic decomposition (kJ mol−1) MGloss free energy losses related with anodic and cathodic over-potentials MG(H2O) free energy of H2O formation h Planck constant (6:626 × 10−34 J s) h: quasi-free electron hole H+ hydrogen ion (can be considered as hydronion ion H3O+) HPE hybrid photo-electrode I current (A) IPCE incident photon-to-current e0ciency Ir incidence of solar irradiance (W m−2) i concentration of ionic charge carriers (cm−3) J Nux density (amount of some quantity Nowing across a given area—often unit area perpendicular to the Now—per unit time, e.g. number of particles) (m−2 s−1) Jg Nux density of absorbed photons (m−2 s−1) M metal MOx metal oxide (x corresponds to oxygen stoichiometry) N number of photons NA Avogadro number (6:022 × 1023 mol−1) Ne3 e0cient number of incidents N (E) distribution of photons with respect to energy (s−1 m−2 eV−1) Ntot total number of incidents NHE normal hydrogen electrode n concentration of electrons (cm−3) OH− hydroxyl ion PC polycrystalline specimen PEC photo-electrochemical cell p concentration of electron holes (cm−3) pH −log [H+] R Universal gas constant (8:3144 J mol−1K−1) R resistance (Q) R(H2) rate of hydrogen generation (mol s−1) S surface area (m2) SC single crystal TF thin 5lm t time Ua anodic over-potential (V) Uc cathodic over-potential (V) Ufb Nat band potential (V) Vbias bias voltage (V) VB surface potential (corresponding to band curvature) (V) Vn;d cathodic decomposition potential (V) Vp;d anodic decomposition potential (V) VH potential drop across the Helmholtz layer (V) Vh potential drop across the hybrid photoelectrode (V) Vph(Si) photo-voltage across the Si cell (V) Vph (TiO2) photo-voltage across the oxide photoelectrode (V) x number (related to nonstoichiometry in chemical formulas) X anion in salts, such as Cl− or SO2−4 z number of electrons (electron holes) [H+] concentration of hydrogen ions (M) M di3erence electrical conductivity (Q−1 cm−1) i mobility of ionic charge carriers (cm2 V−1 s−1) 994 T. Bak et al. / International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 27 (2002) 991–1022 n mobility of electrons (cm2 V−1 s−1) p mobility of electron holes (cm2 V−1 s−1) g fraction of e0cient solar irradiance ch chemical e0ciency of irradiation QE quantum e0ciency wavelength (nm) i threshold wavelength v frequency (Hz) angle (rad) work function (eV) a work function of photo-anode (eV) el work function of electrolyte (eV) how close is the hydrogen age....
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...The Nat-band potential, Ufb, is the potential that has to be imposed over the electrode=electrolyte interface in order to make the bands Nat [22,51,58]....
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...Philips et al. [70] have observed that, although the addition of 30 mol% V to TiO2 results in a reduction in the band gap to 1:99 eV, the formation of (Ti0:7V0:3)O2 had a detrimental e3ect on the photo-activity due to a substantial increase in the Nat band potential by ∼ 1 V)....
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