Electromechanical behavior of polyaniline/poly (vinyl alcohol) blend films under static, dynamic and time-dependent strains
TL;DR: In this paper, a 3D variable range hopping (VRH) process is used to explain the experimentally observed electromechanical behavior of solution blended and HCl doped PANI/PVA blends subjected to uniaxial, static, dynamic and time-dependent tensile loading.
Abstract: We report on the experimentally observed electrical conductivity enhancement in polyaniline/poly (vinyl alcohol) blend films under uniaxial tensile loading. Polyaniline (PANI) is an intrinsically conducting polymer, which does not form stretchable free-standing films easily and hence its electromechanical characterization is a challenge. Blending of PANI with other insulating polymers is a good choice to overcome the processability problem. We report the electromechanical response of solution blended and HCl doped PANI/PVA blends subjected to uniaxial, static, dynamic and time-dependent tensile loading. The demonstrated viscoelastic and morphological contributions of the component polymers to the electrical conductivity behavior in these blends could lead to interesting applications in strain sensors and flexible electronics. The reversibility of the electromechanical response under dynamic strain is found to increase in blends with higher PANI content. Time-dependent conductivity studies during mechanical stress relaxation reveal that variations in the micro-domain ordering and the relative relaxation rate of the individual polymer phases can give rise to interesting electrical conductivity changes in PANI blends. From morphological and electrical conductivity studies, we show that PANI undergoes primary and secondary agglomeration behavior in these blends that contributes to the changes in conductivity behavior during the deformation. A 3D variable range hopping (VRH) process, which uses a deformable core and shell concept based on blend morphology analysis, is used to explain the experimentally observed electromechanical behavior.
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01 Jan 2018
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of different parameters and reagents on PANI synthesis, structures, and applications have been discussed concisely, and the effect of PANI properties on synthesis, structure, and application has been discussed.
Abstract: Polyaniline (PANI) is considered as one of the most versatile conducting polymers with broad spectrum of tuneable properties. It can be synthesized using various methods. Its structural characteristics can be varied by changing different synthesis parameters and additives. Its reversible electrochemical and electrical properties offer potential applicability in various fields. The present chapter deals with the structure and property relationship in PANI. The effects of different parameters and reagents on synthesis, structures, and applications have been discussed herein concisely.
36 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a PANI-based conductive polymer matrix was employed to develop high conductive glass fiber reinforced conductive composite (GFRCP) for self-sensing capability.
14 citations
TL;DR: An increase in conductivity and an associated insulator-to-conductor transition observed in certain conducting polymer composites below their percolation threshold under uniaxial tensile strain is reported, thereby shifting the percolations to lower volume fractions.
Abstract: Above their 'percolation threshold', intrinsically conducting polymer (ICP) based composites exhibit an increase or decrease in conductivity with strain. However, in this study we report an increase in conductivity and an associated insulator-to-conductor transition observed in certain conducting polymer composites below their percolation threshold under uniaxial tensile strain, thereby shifting the percolation to lower volume fractions. The 'auxetic behaviour' possible in certain types of 'hierarchical' microstructures is shown to be responsible for such changes in the polyaniline (PANI) composites studied. Using percolation models, the size and shape of the 'conducting units' that contribute to the percolation and its changes with strain were predicted. These conducting units are secondary and tertiary 'hierarchical structures' formed by the agglomeration of primary units of nano-rods (10 nm). An increase in the aspect ratio of these 'conducting units' is necessary for lowering the percolation threshold, which is possible in tertiary rod-like assemblies of PANI and not in secondary rod-like or platelet-like hierarchical structures. 'Auxetic behaviour' or a negative Poisson's ratio results in the expansion of the agglomerates and increase in the aspect ratio. This demonstrates the possibility of 'auxetic behaviour' contributing to changes in conductivity, which has not been reported before and could be used for novel applications.
2 citations
Journal Article•
27 Jan 2017-World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Chemical, Molecular, Nuclear, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of small molecule and polymers as templates on PANI was investigated and the results showed that PANIs have advantages of chemical stability and high conductivity making their commercial applications quite attractive.
Abstract: Polyaniline (PANI) is one of the most extensively studied material among the conducting polymers due to its simple synthesis by chemical and electrochemical routes. PANIs have advantages of chemical stability and high conductivity making their commercial applications quite attractive. However, to our knowledge, very little work has been reported on the tensile strength properties of templated PANIs processed with polyvinyl alcohol and also, detailed study has not been carried out. We have investigated the effect of small molecule and polymers as templates on PANI. Stable aqueous colloidal suspensions of trisodium citrate (TSC), poly(ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT-PSS), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) templated PANIs were prepared through chemical synthesis, processed with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and were fabricated into films by solution casting. Absorption and infra-red spectra were studied to gain insight into the possible molecular interactions. Surface morphology was studied through scanning electron microscope and optical microscope. Interestingly, tensile testing studies revealed least strain for pure PVA when compared to the blends of templated PANI. Furthermore, among the blends, TSC templated PANI possessed maximum elasticity. The ultimate tensile strength for PVA processed, PEG-templated PANI was found to be five times more than other blends considered in this study. We establish structure–property correlation with morphology, spectral characterization and tensile testing studies. Keywords—Processed films, polyvinyl alcohol, spectroscopy, surface morphology, templated polyanilines, tensile test.
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References
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TL;DR: In this paper, a scaling solution for the Bethe lattice is proposed for cluster numbers and a scaling assumption for cluster number scaling assumptions for cluster radius and fractal dimension is proposed.
Abstract: Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition Introduction: Forest Fires, Fractal Oil Fields, and Diffusion What is percolation? Forest fires Oil fields and fractals Diffusion in disordered media Coming attractions Further reading Cluster Numbers The truth about percolation Exact solution in one dimension Small clusters and animals in d dimensions Exact solution for the Bethe lattice Towards a scaling solution for cluster numbers Scaling assumptions for cluster numbers Numerical tests Cluster numbers away from Pc Further reading Cluster Structure Is the cluster perimeter a real perimeter? Cluster radius and fractal dimension Another view on scaling The infinite cluster at the threshold Further reading Finite-size Scaling and the Renormalization Group Finite-size scaling Small cell renormalization Scaling revisited Large cell and Monte Carlo renormalization Connection to geometry Further reading Conductivity and Related Properties Conductivity of random resistor networks Internal structure of the infinite cluster Multitude of fractal dimensions on the incipient infinite cluster Multifractals Fractal models Renormalization group for internal cluster structure Continuum percolation, Swiss-cheese models and broad distributions Elastic networks Further reading Walks, Dynamics and Quantum Effects Ants in the labyrinth Probability distributions Fractons and superlocalization Hulls and external accessible perimeters Diffusion fronts Invasion percolation Further reading Application to Thermal Phase Transitions Statistical physics and the Ising model Dilute magnets at low temperatures History of droplet descriptions for fluids Droplet definition for the Ising model in zero field The trouble with Kertesz Applications Dilute magnets at finite temperatures Spin glasses Further reading Summary Numerical Techniques
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TL;DR: The Fermi Glass and the Anderson Transition as discussed by the authorsermi glass and Anderson transition have been studied in the context of non-crystalline Semiconductors, such as tetrahedrally-bonded semiconductors.
Abstract: 1. Introduction 2. Theory of Electrons in a Non-Crystalline Medium 3. Phonons and Polarons 4. The Fermi Glass and the Anderson Transition 5. Liquid Metals and Semimetals 6. Non-Crystalline Semiconductors 7. Tetrahedrally-Bonded Semiconductors - Amorphous Germanium and Silicon 8. Aresnic and Other Three-Fold Co-ordinated Materials 9. Chalcogenide and Other Glasses 10. Selenium, Tellurium, and their Alloys
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TL;DR: The future holds even greater promise for this technology, with an entirely new generation of ultralow-cost, lightweight and even flexible electronic devices in the offing, which will perform functions traditionally accomplished using much more expensive components based on conventional semiconductor materials such as silicon.
Abstract: Organic electronics are beginning to make significant inroads into the commercial world, and if the field continues to progress at its current, rapid pace, electronics based on organic thin-film materials will soon become a mainstay of our technological existence. Already products based on active thin-film organic devices are in the market place, most notably the displays of several mobile electronic appliances. Yet the future holds even greater promise for this technology, with an entirely new generation of ultralow-cost, lightweight and even flexible electronic devices in the offing, which will perform functions traditionally accomplished using much more expensive components based on conventional semiconductor materials such as silicon.
4,967 citations
TL;DR: A sensor matrix is realized that detects the spatial distribution of applied mechanical pressure and stores the analog sensor input as a two-dimensional image over long periods of time by integrating a flexible array of organic floating-gate transistors with a pressure-sensitive rubber sheet.
Abstract: Using organic transistors with a floating gate embedded in hybrid dielectrics that comprise a 2-nanometer-thick molecular self-assembled monolayer and a 4-nanometer-thick plasma-grown metal oxide, we have realized nonvolatile memory arrays on flexible plastic substrates. The small thickness of the dielectrics allows very small program and erase voltages (≤6 volts) to produce a large, nonvolatile, reversible threshold-voltage shift. The transistors endure more than 1000 program and erase cycles, which is within two orders of magnitude of silicon-based floating-gate transistors widely employed in flash memory. By integrating a flexible array of organic floating-gate transistors with a pressure-sensitive rubber sheet, we have realized a sensor matrix that detects the spatial distribution of applied mechanical pressure and stores the analog sensor input as a two-dimensional image over long periods of time.
877 citations
TL;DR: Novel net-shaped organic transistors are employed to realize stretchable, large-area sensor networks that detect distributions of pressure and temperature simultaneously simultaneously and the whole system is functional even when it is stretched by 25%.
Abstract: Stretchability will significantly expand the application scope of electronics, particularly large-area electronics-displays, sensors, and actuators If arbitrary surfaces and movable parts could be covered with stretchable electronics, which is impossible with conventional electronics, new classes of applications are expected to emerge A large hurdle is manufacturing electrical wiring with high conductivity, high stretchability, and large-area compatibility This Review describes stretchable, large-area electronics based on organic field-effect transistors for applications to sensors and displays First, novel net-shaped organic transistors are employed to realize stretchable, large-area sensor networks that detect distributions of pressure and temperature simultaneously The whole system is functional even when it is stretched by 25% In order to further improve stretchability, printable elastic conductors are developed by dispersing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as dopants uniformly in rubbers Further, we describe integration of printable elastic conductors with organic transistors to construct a rubber-like stretchable active matrix for large-area sensor and display applications Finally, we will discuss the future prospects of stretchable, large-area electronics with delineating a picture of the next-generation human/machine interfaces from the aspect of materials science and electronic engineering
681 citations